Vol. 1 · pages 506–510

MR. RUSSELL AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY 491 food-material, intellectual or spiritual it craves for is a matter beyond its control. If it is mutilated by the lack of variety of food, it will be through social default and not its own. Another allegations of Mr. Russell is that property as the embodient of the possessive instinct leads to war. One may agree with Mr. Russell and yet say that Fredric Nietzsche understood the effects of property better than Mr. Russell. This effect is well summed up in a story which Thucydides relates somewhere. He depicts a farmer who having gathered his harvest was sitting by the side of the heap brooding over the market and the gains of his business; while deeply engrossed in his reverie he was surprised by a robber. Thus aroused, the farmer, without even uttering a word of protest, at once consented to share his pile and thanked heavens for having escaped with the loss only of a half. Whether the above is a fact or a fable, it contains a kernel of truth not always perceived. How much man is tamed of his wild nature by his acquisitions through the course of time it is not possible to measure. But that it is so is beyond doubt. Nietzsche was perfectly aware of this and would not therefore let his Superman hold any property lest he (the Superman) might not play the havoc Nietzsche wanted him to play for the fear of losing his acquisitions in the bargain. The trouble therefore one might say, is not with property but with the unequal distribution of it; for those who have none of it are prone to perpetrate more destruction for its possession than, those who have. An industrial dispute of the modern time is another illustration and that workers, in a strike, use more violence than their employers can only be understood in the light of the above remarks. It is the existence of the stake that blunts the sword and it is the nonexistence thereof that sharpens it. Thus property may be aggressive. Yet it is not without its compensating effects. It would be unjust to pass over silently a most fundamental notion that pervades the whole outlook of Mr. Russell. He says that “men’s impulses and desires may be divided into those that are creative and those that are possessive. Some of our activities are directed to creating what would not otherwise exist, others towards acquiring or retaining what exists already. The best life is that in which creative impulses play the largest part and possessive impulses the smallest. 14 Is it possible so to divide the impulses ? Is there such a thing as an impulse to appropriate? It is beyond the scope of this review to discuss this large question. I simply intend to raise a query because I feel, that by making the distinction as one of instinct, Mr. Russell is not quite on safe ground. Every impulse if uninhibited, will lead to some creative act. Whether the product will be appropriated or not is a matter wholly different from any act of impulse or instinct. It depends, I submit, upon the method of its production—whether individualistic or otherwise—and upon the nature of its use—whether communal or otherwise. No one sets 14. Principles of Social Reconstruction, p. 234.

492 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES up a right of appropriation to anything that is produced by common efforts nor to anything that is of joint use. Of the former one may cite the game of a communal hunt of the primitive folks. For an example of the latter the situation in a family presents a happy illustration, No member, it can be said without fear of being challenged, will ever set up a right of private appropriation to the articles of the Table or to the articles of decoration just as nobody will ever set up a right of exclusive ownership regarding public monuments. They are of the house. But every one of the family will surely set up a right to the exclusive use of his or her clothes. They are of the Individual. It is therefore, just a question of production and use and not of impulse that a thing is appropriated. Thus the creative and the possessive are on different levels and the methods of augmenting the former as of diminishing the latter are bound to be different. The more of one will not ensure the less of the latter. With this we must close the review of Mr. Russell’s book. There is much in it that can be laid at the foundation of the future reconstruction of Society. Mr. Russell deserves full credit for having emphasized the psychic basis of social life. Social reconstruction depends upon the right understanding of the relation of individual to society—a problem which has eluded the grasp of many sociologists. Mr. Russell’s conception of the relation—as being of impulse to institution is, beyond doubt the truest. However, to understand this and many other problems the book touches I will strongly recommend the reader to go to the original. I have confined myself to putting Mr. Russell in his right place where I thought he was likely to be misunderstood and to guarding his uncritical readers against certain misconceptions that may pass off unnoticed. In both cases I have attempted to do my duty to Mr. Russell and to his readers. zzz

A Aborigines: 46-52. Act: Burmah Anti Boycott: 417-18. Civil Rights Protection: 408. Govt. of India, 1919: 322-24, 331. Govt. of India, 1935: 283, 285-86, 292, 295, 308, 314, 322, 329, 331-32, 335, 343. Acton, Lord: 122-24, 168. Addison, Joseph: 267. Agarkar, G. C.: 352. Agra: 470. Ahimsa: 93. Alexander: 43, 213. Allah: 91. Ambedkar, B. R.: 31-33, 81-85. America: 248, 284-85, 293, 295, 300. American Economic Association: 467. American Indians: 8. Amritsar: 29. Anandacharya, P.: 224. Anaryas: 53. Andhras: 105-06, 109,133. Angell: 483. Anglo Indians: 368-75. Anvil Brahmin: 123. Arabs: 44. Arnold Mathew: 17, 95. Arnold Thomus: 475. Aryans: 6, 21. Arya Samajists: 58-59, 63, 77, 92. Ashoka: 159. Ashtadhikar: 72. Asia: 64. Assam:, 103, 121, 470. Attila: 213. Aungier, Governor: 114. Austria: 124. Austro-Hungarian Empire: 104 B Bagehot, Walter: 18,231. Balais: 39-40, 114-16. Balfour: 231-32. Baluchis: 248. Banias: 67, 90. 115-16. Baroda Committee: 460, 462-66, 476. Baroda State: 456, 471. Bateson, Prof,: 49 Benaras: 44 Benaras Hindu University: 425. Bengal: 103, 121, 126, 131, 135. Bengalis: 106, 126. Berar: 109, 470. Berkenhead, Lord: 110, 378. Bhagwat: 64. Bhai Parmanand: 29. Bhandarkar, D. R.: 48. Bhils: 248. Bhimji Parakh: 114. Bhishma: 240. Bhopal: 131,152. Bhungis: 11, 30. Bible: 220. Bicholi Hapsi: 39, 131, 135. Bihar: 103. 109. 120-21, 148, 150-51. Bismark: 231-32. Blue Ridge: 234. Bombay: 27-28. 34. 37, 109-14, 118-21, 125-27, 144-45, 155-58, 165, 258,417. Bombay Army: 261. Bonnerjee, Surendranath: 276, 352. Bonnerjee, W. C: 38-39,41. Brahma: 91, 342. Brahmins: 15-16, 18-20, 37, 49, 52-53, 59, 61-62, 64, 70-71, 74, 83, 90, 95, 115-16, 134, 158, 162, 218-21, 253-56, 267-69, 274 of Ver; : 115-16. INDEX Brahminism: 31, 77. Brahmo Samaj: 268. Brihaspati: 73. British, the; 113-14, 131 Bryce, James: 143, 236-38, 316-17. Buckle: 212. Buddha: 44, 69, 91, 219, 240. Buddhists: 248. Bundelkhand: 470. Burke, Edmand: 76, 79, 222. Burmah: 248. C Caesar: 213. Caird, Sir James: 473-74. Calcutta: 102, 104, 121, 124, 126, 156, 171. Cambridge: 39. Canada: 144, 284-86, 295, 301, 307, 309, 344, 426. Carlyle: 65, 90, 213-15, 224, 230. Carson: 378. Carver: 78. Caste and Caste System: 5, 7-22, 27-28, 31, 33, 41, 47-58, 60, 62, 64-74, 83-84, 87-93. Catholies: 42. Cawnpore: 151. C. P. & Berar: 103, 109, 111, 148, 150, 151. Chaitanya: 83, 88-89. Chakwara: 40. Chalukyas: 112. Chamars: 49, 257, 275. Chandragupta: 44. Chaturvarnya: 58-64, 86, 89. China: 234-35. Chiplunkar, Vishnushastri: 218. Christ: 244, 264. Christians: 16, 20, 45, 54, 80, 85, 94, 115, 116, 134, 249-50, 267, 365, 368-71, 373, 375, 423. Church, American Protestant Episcopal; 143, 317. Clemenceau: 214. Clement: 294. Coleridge : 222. Columbia University: 274. Communal Award: 42-43. Congress : 38-39, 131, 145, 217, 219, 224-25, 228, 236-37, 263, 297, 329-30 334, 348, 350, 358. Consent Bill: 225. Constituent Assembly: 360-61, 364, 366. Constitution of America: 360, 377; Canada: 294, India: 358-60, 367; South Africa: 375. Cotton, Sir Henry: 479. Cournot: 490. Cripps Committee: 361-65. Crito: 235. Cromwelllan war; 52 Crump: 276. D Dadabhoy Naoroji: 264. Daman: 112. Dantwala: 111, 119, 122-23. Dashodh: 37. Datta, K.L. 470. Davenport, H. J,: 467. Dayanand Saraswati: 92. Deccan Sabha: 207. Delaware: 108. Delhi: 170. Democles: 416. Democracy: 251. Denmark: 456

494 INDEX Depressed Classes: 34, 37, 84. Depressed Class Mission: 34, 265. Desai, Morarji: 155,162. Dewey, John: 79. Dhar: 132. Dheds: 257. Dicey: 70, 302, 334. Dictatorship: 411-12. Diu, city of: 115. Dnyaneshwar: 83, 88. Dominion Status: 330, 331, 333-34, 345-48, 359. Dravidians: 6, 21. Dufferin, Lord: 247. Dutch: 114, 248. E East India Company: 53, 114-18, 220, 261. Education: 484. Eknath: 87. Elphinston: 274. Ely: 469. Endogamy: 8-12, 14. England 44, 300, 365, 368, 456, 473. English People: 114-15. Ethnology: 5. Eton: 269. Eugenics 49, 50. Europe: 44-45, 63-64, 102, 112, 120, 248. Europeans: 119-20, 364. Exogamy: 9-10. F Falcon, the: 114. France: 456. Franklin, Doctor: 455. French: 114, 118, 143. French Revolution: 168. Fundamental Rights: 377. G Gadgil, D. R.: 113,125, 281-83. Gandhi, Mahatma: 37, 68, 86-96, 131, 134, 208-09, 226, 228-29, 346, 350-52, 422. Gardiner: 227. Gazetteer of Bombay Town and Island: 114. Germans: 462 Germany: 143, 147, 284-285, 311, 325, 378. Gheewala: 111, 113,123-25. Giddings: 490. Giffen Robert: 479. Girdhar Moody: 117. Gladstone: 269. Gokhale, G. K.: 269, 283, 352. Gonds: 248. Gotra: 9. Gujarat: 470. Gujaratis, the: 67, 110, 111-15, 119-120, 122-24. Gujars: 134. Great Man: 212-17, 224, 226, 230, 232. H Hailey: 270. Hansraj, Mahatma: 28. Har Bhagwan: 29-30, 32. Harijan ((Community): 27. Harijan (Journal): 27, 82, 86. Haripura: 329. Harrow: 249. Hart, A. B.: 247. Hindus; 6, 13, 15-22, 25, 28-31, 33, 35-37, 39-40, 5057, 59, 63-66, 72-74, 76-79, 84-85, 88-89, 91-92, 94-96,112, 134, 146, 167, 169, 209, 224, 248-50, 252, 256, 261-62, 264, 267, 270, 274, 276-79, 348-50, 362, 364-65, 368-71, 373-74 376-78,414, 416-17, 420-23, 425-56, 431, 461. Hindu Maha Sabha: 28, 146, 350. Hindu Raj: 37. Hindu Religion: 31-34, 75-76, 83, 93, 135. Hirey: 162. Hobhouse, L. T.:261. Holland: 456. Home Rule: 267. I Ibbetson, Sir Denzil: 17. India: 6, 8-9, 14, 16, 25, 45-47, 50, 111-13, 121, 126, 131, 456, 466, 479. Indian Army Commission: 261. Indian Merchants Chamber: 110. Indore: 152. Indra Singh: 27. Instrument of Accession: 286-88, 292, 301-02, 306, 336-38. Interdining: 67-68, 92. Intermarriage: 67-68, 92. Iqbal Mohomed: 342. Ireland: 42-43, 365, 378. Irish Home Rule: 42. Italy: 143. J Jadhav, Ganpat Mahadev: 357. Jaimini: 75. Jains: 67. James Elliot: 470. Jan Sangh: 146. Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal: 25, 27-37, 67, 81, 84-86. Jats: 417-418. Jat State: 134. Jennings: 237. Jevons, H. S.: 461, 464-66, 474-77, 479. Jews: 20, 134, 222, 251. Jinnah: 208-09, 226, 228-29, 337. Jnyandeo: 83, 87. K Kabir: 74. Kale, R. R.: 283. Kali: 91. Kammas, the: 134. Kappus, the: 134. Karnatak: 109,113. Karwar: 112. Kashmir: 133. Kathiawar: 120. Kaurava: 240. Kavitha: 40. Kayastha: 52,67. Keatinge, G. M.: 457, 462-64, 466, 476. Keralat:109. Ketkar, S. V.: 7-8, 13, 21. Khaparde Dadasaheb: 264. Kheri Jessore: 417-18. Kalis, the: 134. Konkan: 110, 256. Kranti: 27. Krishna: 64. Kshatriya: 17-18, 59, 61-62, 64, 91. Kumarswami, A. K.: 13. Kurtakoti, Shankaracharya: 270. L Labour and Caste System: 47-48, 61, 64. Lahore: 28, 37. Land Acquisition Act: 340, 463. Land Revenue Code: 476. Lassalle, Ferdinand: 42.

INDEX 495 League of Nations: 102, 376. Lecky: 223. Legislature: 393-95, 398, 404, 406. Liberal Party of India: 236, 238-40. Liberty; 57, 86, Lincoln, Abraham: 215, 234. Lingayats: 253-254, 273. Linguistic Provinces: 101-03, 109, 121-22, 124-25, 132. London Times: 478. Lothian Committee: 429. Luther, Martin: 44. M Macaulay: 324. Machigars: 257. Madig: 257. Madras: 21, 103, 132, 144, 156, 470. Mahabharata: 64, 73, 82. Mahakoshal: 152. Mahars: 211, 248, 253-54, 256-57, 274-75, 346. Maharashtra: 102, 106, 108-13, 118-27, 132-34, 144-53. Maharashtrians: 105-06, 110, 121-22, 134. Mahavamsa: 159-61. Maheswara: 13. Maitland, Prof.: 233. Malis: 134. Mangs: 257. Mann, H. S. 457. Manu: 16-63, 71-74, 218-19. Manusmruti: 61, 73. Marathas: 113, 121, 123, 134, 161-63, 253, 256, 261, 273-74. Marquis Tweedledale: 261. Marwaris: 67. Marx, Karl: 42, 72, 212. Mathai, John: 165. Mazzini: 239-40. Mecca: 44. Meerut: 151. Mehta, Nani: 351. Mehta, Phirozeshah: 352. Menger: 490. Mill, J. S.: 41. Mochis: 257. Moghuls: 170. Mohammed, Prophet: 44, 264. Mongolians: 6, 248. Montague: 267. Montague Chelmsford Retorm: 322. Morley, Lord: 231-32, 262, 265. Morris: 55. Mourya Empire: 63,135. Mulhall: 472. Muslims: 20, 53-55, 64-65, 70, 80, 85, 93, 112, 115, 134. 146, 169, 248, 250, 252-54, 256,263, 267, 273-76, 348-50, 362, 364-65, 368-72, 374, 376-77, 422-423, ,461. Muslim League: 228. N Nanak: 69. Nanak, Guru: 44. Nanavati. M. B.:471. Nanga Sadhus: 149. Napoleon, Bonaparte: 213-14, 234-35, 269. Narang, Gokalchand: 28. Narendranath, Raja: 28. Natarajan: 276. Nationality: 123-25. National Liberation Federation: 329-330. Negroes: 8, 222, 408. Nehru, Jawaharlal: 131, 133, 145, 149, 152. Nesfields: 7-8,17. New York: 108,147. Nietzsche, Fredric: 486,491. Nima Parakh: 115-18. Nizam: 162. Non-Brahmins: 15-16, 19-20, 50, 253, 274. North West Frontier Provinces: 401. O Ohio: 231. Oracle of Delphi: 45. Orissa: 103, 121, 131. Oxford: 39. P Pakistan: 146, 376. Pali: 159. Pandava: 240. Pannikar, K. M.: 147-48. Pant, G. V.: 151. Paramanand, Bhai: 28. Pariah: 49,407. Parliament: 69-70. Parliamentary Democracy: 411-12. Parsees: 20, 250, 370, 375. Parsuram: 91. Patel Vallabhbhai: 132. Patel Vitthalbhai: 266. Pathans: 248. Patidars: 123. Patricians: 43, 45. Pax Britanica: 233. Pendleton Herring: 239. Peshwa: 39-54, 216. Phuley, Mahatma: 225-26. Pierson, N. G.: 462. Pimpla Saudagar: 457. Pius IX (Pope): 227. Plebians: 43, 45. Poles: 248. Political Reform Party: 37, Pompeii: 5. Poona: 131, 263, 457. Poona Pact: 401, 409, 421, 424-25, 429-3. Pope: 264. Poritt: 426. Portuguese: 114-15. Prabhus, Pathare: 53-54. Prakasham T.: 132. Prarthana Samaj: 268. Protestants: 43. Prussia: 42, 147. Punjab: 19, 27, 30, 41, 103, 121. Puranas: 64,76,82,92. Puritanism: 44. Q Quebec: 427. R Radhakrishnan, S.: 66. Radicals: 263. Raja, M. C: 82. Rajasthan: 148. Rajendra Prasad: 132. Rajgopalachari, C.: 133, 149-50, 237. Rama: 61, 69, 86. Ramanuja: 74. Ramayana: 82, 61. Ramdas: 37. Ramkrishna Paramhamsa: 83, 88. Ranade, M. G.: 162, 207, 211-12, 215-16, 220-26, 230-40, 352. Redmond: 42, 110, 378. Risley, Sir H.: 7-8, 17. Rohtak: 417-18. R Roman Republic: 44.