Vol. 13 · pages 1251–1255

impatient to govern themselves. This urge for self-realization in the downtrodden classes must not be allowed to develop into a class struggle or class war. It would lead to a division of the House. That would indeed be a day of disaster. For, as has been well said by Abraham Lincoln, a house divided against itself cannot stand very long. Therefore the sooner room is made for the realization of their aspiration, the better for the few, the better for the country, the better for the maintenance for its independence and the better for the continuance of its democratic structure. This can only be done by the establishment of equality and fraternity in all spheres of life. That is why I have laid so much stress on them. I do not wish to weary the House any further. Independence is no doubt a matter of joy. But let us not forget that this independence has thrown on us great responsibilities. By independence, we have lost the excuse of blaming the British for anything going wrong. If hereafter things go wrong, we will have nobody to blame except ourselves. There is great danger of things going wrong. Times are fast changing. People including our own are being moved by new ideologies. They are getting tired of government by the people. They are prepared to have Government for the people and are indifferent whether it is Government of the people and by the people. If we wish to preserve the Constitution in which we have sought to enshrine the principle of Government of the people, for the people and by the people, let us resolve not to be tardy in the recognition of the evils that lie across our path and which induce people to prefer Government for the people to Government by the people, nor to be weak in our initiative to remove them. That is the only way to serve the country. I know of no better. Mr. President : The House will adjourn till Ten of the clock tomorrow morning when we shall take up the voting on the motion which was moved by Dr. Ambedkar. The Assembly then adjourned till ten of the Clock on Saturday, the 26th November, 1949 . ***** 1218 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

(ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION) *President (Dr. Rajendra Prasad) : ...Before I close, I must express my thanks to all the Members of this August Assembly from whom I have received not only courtesy but, if I may say so, also their respect and affection. Sitting in the chair and watching the proceeding from day to day, I have realised as nobody else could have, with rare what zeal and devotion the members of the Drafting committee and especially its Chairman, Dr. Ambedkar, in spite of his indifferent health, have worked. (Cheers). We could never make a decision which was or could be ever so right as when we put him on the Drafting Committee and made him its Chairman. He has not only justified his selection but has added lustre to the work which he has done. In this connection, it would be invidious to make any distinction as among the other members of the Committee. I know they have all worked with the same zeal and devotion as its Chairman, and they deserve the thanks of the country.... All deserve my thanks as I have received courtesy, co-operation and legal service from all. (Prolonged cheers). It now remains to put the motion which was moved by Dr. Ambedkar, to the vote of the House. The question is : “That the Constitution as settled by the Assembly be passed.” The motion was adopted. ( Prolonged Cheers). [President then authenticated the Constitution. The House gave authority to the President to call another session in January 1950 by a voice vote. The honourable Members then shook hands with Mr. President one by one.] ***** (The Constituent Assembly had also legislative functions. These legislative functions encompassed usual parliamentary business, including amendments to various laws. Dr. Ambedkar’s speeches relating to those legislations including the Hindu Code Bill, as distinguished from the framing of India’s Constitution, are included in the next volume —Vasant Moon) *CAD, Official Report, Vol. XI, 26th November 1949, p. 994. 1219DRAFT CONSTITUTION

Tabular statement showing articles of the Constitution of India, with corresponding clauses in the Draft Constitution and dates on which they were discussed and approved.— ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA Article in Constitution of India Corresponding clause in the Draft Constitution Dates on which discussed and approved 12 3 1 ... 1 ... 15th November, 1948, 17 November, 1948. 17th September, 1949, 18th September, 1949. 2 ... 2 ... 17th November, 1948. 3 ... 3 ... 17th and 18th November, 1948. 13th October, 1949. 4 ... 4 ... 18th November, 1948. 5 ... 5 ... 10th August, 1949, 11th August, 1949 and 17th August, 1949. 6 ... 5A ... 10th, 11th and 12th August, 1949. 7 ... 5AA ... 10th, 11th and 12th August, 1949. 8 ... 5B ... 10th, 11th and 12th August, 1949. 9 (New) ... ... ... 29th November, 1949. 10 ... 5C ... 10th, 11th and 12th August, 1949. 11 ... 6 ... 10th, 11th and 12th August, 1949. 12 ... 7 ... 25th November, 1948. 13 ... 8 ... 25th, 26th and 29th November, 1948. 14 (New) ... ... ... 29th November, 1948. 15 ... 9 ... 29th November, 1948. 16 ... 10 ... 30th November, 1948. 17 ... 11 ... 29th November, 1948. 18 ... 12 ... 30th November, 1948 and 10th December, 1948. 19 ... 13 ... 1st and 2nd December, 1948. 16th October, 1949 and 17th October, 1949. 20 ... 14 ... 2nd, 3rd and 6th December, 1948. 21 ... 15 ... 6th and 13th December, 1948. 22 ... 15A ... 16th September, 1949. 23 ... 17 ... 3rd December, 1948. 24 ... 18 ... 3rd December, 1948. 25 ... 19 ... 3rd and 6th December, 1948. 26 ... 20 ... 7th December, 1948. 27 ... 21 ... 7th December, 1948. 28 ... 22 ... 7th December, 1948. 29 ... 23 ... 7th and 8th December, 1948. 30 ... 23A ... 7th and 8th December, 1948 31 ... 24 ... 10th September, 1949 and 12th September. 1949. 32 ... 25 ... 9th December, 1948. 33 ... 26 ... 9th December, 1948. 1220 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

Article in Constitution of India Corresponding clause in the Draft Constitution Dates on which discussed and approved 12 3 34 (New) ... ... ... ... 35 ... 27 ... 9th and 16th December, 1948 and 16th October, 1949. 36 ... 28 ... 19th November, 1948. 37 ... 29 ... 19th November, 1948. 38 ... 30 ... 19th November, 1948. 39 ... 31 ... 22nd November, 1948. 40 ... 31A ... 22nd November, 1948. 41 ... 32 ... 23rd November, 1948. 42 ... 33 ... 23rd November, 1948. 43 ... 34 ... 23rd November, 1948. 44 ... 35 ... 23rd November, 1948. 45 ... 36 ... 23rd November, 1948. 46 ... 37 ... 23rd November, 1948. 47 ... 38 ... 23rd November, 1948 and 24th November, 1948. 48 ... 38A ... 24th November, 1948. 49 ... 39 ... 24th November, 1948. 50 ... 39A ... 24th November, 1948 and 25th November, 1948. 51 ... 40 ... 25th, November, 1948. 52 ... 41 ... 10th, December, 1948. 53 ... 42 ... 10th, 16th December, 1948 and 16th October, 1949. 54 ... 43 ... 10th and 13th December, 1948. 55 ... 44 ... 13th December, 1948. 56 ... 45 ... 13th December, 1948. 57 ... 46 ... 13th December. 1948. 58 ... 47 ... 27th December, 1948 and 13th October, 1949. 59 ... 48 ... 27th December, 1948 and 14th October, 1949. 60 ... 49 ... 27th December, 1948. 61 ... 50 ... 28th December, 1948. 62 ... 51 ... 28th December, 1948. 63 ... 52 ... 28th December, 1948. 64 ... 53 ... 28th December, 1948. 65 ... 54 ... 28th December, 1948. 66 ... 55 (1) —(4) ... 28th December, 1948, 29th December, 1948 and 13th October, 1949. 67 ... 56 ... 29th December, 1948. 68 ... 55 (5) —(6) ... 28th December, 1948, 29th December, 1948 and 13th October, 1949. 69 (New) ... ... ... November, 1949. 70 ... 57 ... 29th December, 1948. 71 ... 58 ... 29th December, 1948. 72 ... 59 ... 29th December, 1948 and 17th October, 1949. 73 ... 60 ... 29th December, 1948 and 30th December, 1948. 74 ... 61 ... 30th December, 1948. 1221DRAFT CONSTITUTION

Article in Constitution of India Corresponding clause in the Draft Constitution Dates on which discussed and approved 12 3 75 ... 62 ... 30th December, 1948, 31st December, 1948, 14th October, 1949 and 17th October 1949. 76 ... 63 ... 7th January, 1949. 77 ... 64 ... 7th January, 1949. 78 ... 65 ... 6th January, 1949 and 7th January, 1949. 79 ... 66 ... 3rd January, 1949. 80 ... 67(1)—(4) ... 3rd and 4th January, 1949 and 13th and 17th October, 1949. 81 ... 67(5)—(8) ... 3rd and 4th January, 1949, 10th, 14th and 17th October, 1949. 82 ... 67A ... 18th May, 1949; 23rd May, 1949 and 13th October, 1949. 83 ... 68 ... 18th May, 1949. 84 ... 68A ... 18th May, 1949. 85 ... 69 ... 18th May, 1949. 86 ... 70 ... 18th May, 1949. 87 ... 71 ... 18th May, 1949. 88 ... 72 ... 18th May, 1949. 89 ... 73 ... 19th May, 1949. 90 ... 74 ... 19th May, 1949. 91 ... 75 ... 19th May, 1949. 92 ... 75A ... 19th May, 1949. 93 ... 76 ... 19th May, 1949. 94 ... 77 ... 19th May, 1949. 95 ... 78 ... 19th May, 1949. 96 ... 78A ... 18th May, 1949 and 19th May, 1949. 97 ... 79 ... 19th May, 1949. 98 ... 79A ... 30th July, 1949. 99 ... 81 ... 19th May, 1949. 100 ... 80 ... 19th May, 1949. 101 ... 82 ... 19th May, 1949. 102 ... 83 ... 19th May, 1949 and 13th October, 1949. 103 ... 83A ... 1st August, 1949. 104 ... 84 ... 19th May, 1949. 105 ... 85 ... 19th May, 1949 and 16th October, 1949. 106 ... 86 ... 20th May, 1949. 107 ... 87 ... 20th May, 1949. 108 ... 88 ... 20th May, 1949. 109 ... 89 ... 20th May, 1949. 110 ... 90 ... 20th May, 1949 and 8th June, 1949. 111 ... 91 ... 20th May, 1949. 112 ... 92 ... 8th June, 1949, 10th June, 1949 and 13th Octo- ber, 1949. 1222 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES