Vol. 16 · pages 741–745

717PALI : DICTIONARY 4. Now they mostly fight with fire-arms. bnkfu rs cgqlks vfXxIigj.ksfg ;qT>fUrA 5. The armies of the kings of old consisted of four divisions, namely, war elephants, cavalry, war-chariots, and infantry. iksjk.kjktwua ;q…lsuk gfRFk&vLl&jFkifÙkolsu prqjf˜ıuh vgksflA 6. At present, artillery has taken the place of war elephants. beflLe dkys gfRFklsuk;s Bkus ukfG;Urlsuk fr VòfrA 7. Having built fortresses at many places in Ceylon, King Dutthagamini fought against the Tamils. nqVòxkfeuh egkjktk y˜ı;a ukukBkuslq [kUŁkkokjs cfU/Rok nfeGsfg ;qfT>A 8. A rebel named Tiya, having collected an army with the wealth plundered from the shrines, made havoc in Ceylon. rh;ks uke nkefjdks psfr;kfu fHkfUnRok /ua xgsRok lsua lagfjRok y˜ïk;a egUra foyksia vdkflA 9. Two thousand two hundred years ago an emperor called Dharmasoka ruled India. brks f}lrkf/dkua f}Uua oLllgLlkua mifj /Eelksdks uke jktkf/jkt tEcqnhia ikysflA 10. The ministers sit in the council-chamber to discuss the affairs of Government. vePpk efUrlHkk; lfUuifrRok jTtfdPpkfu eUr;fUrA 11. The general led his army to the battle-field. peqifr vÙkuks lsuk; ;q…kHkwfle vxekflA 12. The allied army retreated to their own quarters when the hostile army advanced. ;nk lÙkqlsuk vCHkqÕ;kfl rnk feÙklsuk lda [kU/kokja iPpqÕ;kflA 13. King Prasenjit defeated the army of Ajatasatru the king of Magadha, and captured him alive. jktk ilsufn ex/j××kks vtkrlÙkquks lsua ijktsRok ra thoxkga xf.gA 14. A battle-ship carrying a large number of mariners from China reached Colombo harbour while sailing west wards. ,dk ;q…ukok phijVòks cgq ukfod;ks/s xgsRok ifPNefnla xPNfUr dksGEcfrFka ikiqf.kA 15. The envoys who started from Japan on the second day after the new moon of the month of Citra, reached Siam on the 14th of the same fortnight. tiku&nlsrks fpÙkeklLl lqØïiD[ks nqfr;k;a fuD[kUrk jktnwrk rflLe ;so iD[ks prqífl;a L;kej Vòa lEikiq.khalqA 16. Once an insane woman attempted to nurder the premier of Italy.

718 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES ,dnk ,dk mEefÙkdk bVkfyj Vòs egkePpa mLlfgA 17. The constables chased after a culprit for about a league in order to catch him. jktHkVk ,da lgflda xgsrqa dksliÙka vuqcflU/lqA 18. Village headmen often take bribes; they oppress the weak and help the rowdies. xkeHkkstdk cgqlks y×Na x.gUrk nqCcys ihGsfUr] p.Mkua vuqcya nsfUrA 19. The judge reprehended the mudaliyar who brought a false charge against a villager. fofuPN;kePpks ,dflLe xkfeds dwV Vðdkjda tuinHkkstda rTtsflA 20. When a governor visits a certain place, the inhabitants there put up pandals etc., to receive him. e.MfyLljs ;a fdf×p insla xPNUrs rIinslokfluks rksj.kkn;ks mLlkisRok ra lEifVPNfUrA 21. Before the great war the spies of the German Emperor were in all parts of the world. egkl˜ıkerks iqCcs teZu&vf/j××kks pjiqfjlk lCcj Vòslq oflllq22. The son of the king’s religious adviser married the daughter of the Secretary of State. iqjksfgrLl iqÙkks egkys[kdLl /hrjk fookga dfj23. During the great war, while sailing from sea to sea a man-of-war, named Emden sank a great number of trading vessels. egkgos oÙkekus ,EMu&ukek ,dk ;q…ukok leqíslq pjfUr cgw okf.ktukok;ks vkslhnkisfl24. The crown-prince took steamer at Colombo and arrived in London after twenty days voyage. ;qojktk dksGEcfrRFks ukoa vfHk:fgRok ohlfrfnusfg leqía rfjRok yaMu uxja lEikiqf.k25. On Wednesday the king with his ministers will go to see an array of tropps. jktk vePÓsfg ifjoqrks cq/okjLl lk;.gs lsukO;wga ifLlrqa xfeLlfr26. Some Chinese air-men flying in aeroplanes destroyed many Japanese war-planes by dropping bombs on them. ,dPps phuHkVk O;kse;kusfg xURok xqGIigfj.kfu irsRok tikujf Vòdkua C;kse;kukfu fouklslqaA 27. Modern warriors are able to destroy many lives by spreading poisonous gases. oÙkekfudk ;ks/k fol/wekfu foLlTtsRok cgwfu ftforkfu fouklsrqa lØïksfUrA 28. The victorious army takes possession of the ammunition horses etc. of the defeated army. t;Xxkfgdk lsuk ijkftrk; lsuk; ;q…ksidj.kkfu vLlksn;ks p vÙkuks lUrds djksfUrA

719PALI : DICTIONARY About Buddhist Monasteries 1. In former days there were thousands of monasteries in India, such as Jetavana and Veluvana, each containing several hundreds of monks. iqjk tEcwnhisa vusd fHkD[kqlrkfd..kk tsrou osGqoukn;ks fogkjlgLlkfu vgslwa A 2. At present all the olden monasteries in mid-India are in ruins, and even the eight of a Buddhist monk is rare. bnkfu iu efT>ensls lCcs iksjk.kdfogkjk u Œòk] fHkD[kwua nLlua fi nqŠHka tkra A 3. There are many thousands of monasteries and a great number of monks in Burma and Siam which lie to the east of India, in Ceylon to the south of it, and in China and Japan to the north east of it. tEcqnhiLl iqjfRFkerks ejEeL;kej Œòslq p] nfD[k.krks y˜ïknhis p] iqjfRFkeqÙkjrks phu&tiku j Œòslq p bnkfu vusdlgLlk fogkjk cgw fHkD[koks p lfUr A 4. In olden days there were no Pagodas and image houses within the monasteries; even now in Siam and Burma they are mostly separated from the monasteries. iqjk l†kjkeslq psfV;&ifVek?jk ukgslqa_ bnkfu fi L;ke&ejEej Œòslq l†kjkek cgqlks rsfg folqa ;so gksfUr A 5. In Ceylon each monastery possesses a pagoda, an image-house, a bo-tree and a preaching hall. lhgGhnhis iu ¿ bnkfu ,dsflLe l†kjkes ,da psfr;a] ikfVek?kja] ,Ødks cksf/:D[kks] ,dsdk /Eelkyk p foTtfr A 6. The residence of the monks is called a vihara. fHkD[kqua oklkxkjks fogkjks uke A 7. Image-house is where there are images of the Buddha and the chief disciples, and paintings depicting the life of the Buddha. cq…&egklkod&ifVekn;ks ifr ŒòkisRok dra cq…pfjr&ifVla;qÙk&fpÙkdEe;qÙka ifVek?kja fr oqPpfr A 8. A pagoda or dagoba is a counical structure, made of stone, brick, etc. enshrining some relies of the Buddha. ljhj/krqvkn;ks funfgRok Hkwikdkjsu flyk&b Œòdknhfg dra psfr;a uke A

720 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES 9. The monks prepare a dye, pour it in a wooden vessel and then dye their robes, in it. fHkD[kw jtua ifpRok jtunksfu;a vkflf×pRok rRFkk phojkfu ifD[kfiRok jtfUr A 10. The (the monks) having donned their robes and taken their bowls, go round the villages collecting alms and come to refectories to partake of it. rs phojkfu ik:fiRok iÙks xgsRok xkeslq fi.Mk; pfjRok vklulkyk;ks vkxURok Hkq×tfUr A 11. To-morrow is a full moon-day, therefore we shall go early to the temple to take the eight precepts. lqos iq..keh] rLek e;a ikrks¿o vkjkea xURok v Œò˜ılhya lekfnf;Llke A 12. When people assemble in the preaching hall, a preacher will sit on the pulpit and with a fan in his hand will deliver a sermon. euqLlslq /Eelkyk; lfUuifrrslq ,dk /EekdfFkdks /Eeklus fulhfnRok fotflu xgsRok /Eea nslsLlfr A 13. The people having listened to the dhamma, will offer flowers, lights and incense to the Buddha. euqLlk /Eea lqRok iqIiQ&nhi&/wiknhfg oq…a iwtsLlfUr A 14. Books written on ola leaves may last more than a thousand years provided they are well preserved. rkyi..kslq fyf[krxUFkk ;fn lqxksfirk HkosÕ;qa oLllgLlkf/da fi dkya vfou Œòk ioÙks;qa A 15. The Budhist scriptures written on olas are found in many Buddhist monasteries in Ceylon. y˜ïk;a cgqlq fogkjslq rkyi..kfyf[krk lksxr&ŁkEeiksRFkdk lafoTtfUr A 16. But now there are few persons who write on talipot-leaves as there is an abundant supply of printed books. ;Fkk bnkfu eqfír iksRFkdkua lqyHkrk; rkyi..kfy[kus ;qÙk eUnk A 17. Monks and novices get up early, sweep the yards around the pagoda and the other shrines, remove the withered flowers from the altars and wash them; thus they daily perform their duties. fHkD[kq&lke.ksjk ikrks ¿ o ¿ oq ŒòfgRok psfr;˜ı.kknhfu lEekfTtRok iqIiQkluslq feykrekyk viusRok rkfu /ksfoRok ifrfnua oÙka djksfUr A 18. After that having worshipped the Buddha, they partake of some food; then some novices learn text by heart, somelearn the religious texts and grammar from their teachers. rrks iPNk cq…oUnua

721PALI : DICTIONARY dRok ;a fdfl×p vkgkj Hkf×tRok ,dPps lke.ksjk xUFks okpqxrs djksfUr] ,dPps vkpfj;kua lfUrdk /Ee&lRFkqXxg.ka djksfUr A 19. Before sunset they again do such of minor duties as the sweeping of yards; then they attend on and do obeisance to their elders; and during the first part of the night they recite what they have learnt. lk;.gs fi lEeTtuknhfu fu ŒòkisRok Fks:i Œòkua dRok jfÙk;k iBe;kes okpqXxrxUFks lT>k;fUr A Section 7 General Information Days and months, fnolk eklk p January, iQqLlks Sunday, jfookjks February, ek?kks Monday, pUnokjks March, iQXxq.kks Tuesday, dqpokjks April, fpÙkeklks Wednesday, cq/okjks May, oslkØïks Thursday, xq:okjks June, tsŒòeklks Friday, lqØïokjks July, vklkŸgks Saturday, lfuokjks August, lko.kks September, iksŒòiknks October, vLl;qtks November, dfÙkdks December, ekxfljks Measures and Weights , ekurqyukfu7 Grains = One Inch, va…ya 9 Inches = One Span, fonfRFk, (f) 2 Spans = One Cubit, jrua] gRFkks 4 Cubits = One fathom, O;keks] /uq (nt) 500 Fathoms = One League, dkslks] xkoqra 4 Leagues = One Yojana, ;kstua Measuring of Corn 4 Pasatas = 1 iRFk (m) 4 Patthas = 1 ukfG (f) 4 Nalis = 1 nks.k (m) 4 Donas = 1 ekfudk 4 Manikas = 1 [kjh (f) 10 Kharis = 1 dqEHk (m) 2 Kumbhas = 1 okg (m)