Vol. 7 · pages 286–290

THE UNTOUCHABLES : UNTOUCHABILITY AMONG HINDUS 267 never been a case of permanent impunity based on the rule ‘once impure always impure’. Persons were treated as impure by Non-Hindu Communities and they were even cut off from social intercourse. But there has never been a case of persons having been put into permanent segregation camps. A whole body of people have been treated as impure by Non-Hindu communities. But they were strangers outside the fold of the kindred. There has never been a case of a people treating a section of their own people as permanently and hereditarily impure. Untouchability among Hindus is thus a unique phenomenon, unknown to humanity in other parts of the world. Nothing like it is to be found in any other society- primitive, ancient or modern. The many problems that arise out of a study of Untouchability and which call for investigation may be reduced to two : (1) Why do the Untouchables live outside the village? (2) What made their impurity permanent, and ineradicable? The following pages are devoted to finding answers to these two questions. zz

THE UNTOUCHABLES : WHY DO THE..... VILLAGE ? 269 PART II PROBLEM OF HABITAT Chapter III. Why do the Untouchables Live Outside the Village ? Chapter IV. Are the Untouchables Broken Men ? Chapter V. Are there Parallel Cases ? Chapter VI. How did Separate Settlements for Broken Men Disappear Elsewhere ?

THE UNTOUCHABLES : WHY DO THE..... VILLAGE ? 271 CHAPTER III WHY DO THE UNTOUCHABLES LIVE OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE ? THAT the Untouchables live outside the village is so notorious a fact that it must be taken to be within the cognizance even of those whose knowledge about them is not very profound. Yet, nobody has thought that this was a serious question calling for satisfactory answer. How did the Untouchables come to live outside the village? Were they declared to be Untouchables first and then deported out of the village and made to live outside? Or were they from the very beginning living outside the village and were subsequently declared to be Untouchables? If the answer is that they were living outside the village from the very beginning, there arises a further question, namely, what can be the reason for it ? As the question of the separate settlement of the Untouchables has never been raised before, naturally there exists no theory as to how the Untouchables came to live outside the village. There is, of course, the view of the Hindu Shastras and if one wants to dignify it by calling it a theory one may do so. The Shastras of course say that the Antyajas should live and have their abode outside the village. For instance, Manu says : “X. 51. But the dwellings of the Chandalas and the Shvapakas shall be outside the village, they must be made Apapatras and their wealth (shall be) dogs and donkeys. X. 52. Their dress (shall be) the garments of the dead, (they shall eat) their food from broken dishes, black iron (shall be) their ornaments and they must always wander from place to place. X. 53. A man who fulfils a religious duty, shall not seek intercourse with them; their transactions (shall be) among themselves and their marriages with their equals.