Vol. 16 · pages 661–665

637PALI : DICTIONARY ?k changed to g & y?kq ¾ ygq (small) (iii) M changed to G & xqM ¾ xqG (jaggery) & ØhMk ¾ dhGk (game) V changed to G & LiQfVd ¾ iQfGd n changed to G & nksgn ¾ nksgG (iv) < changed to Ÿg & vk"kk< ¾ vklkŸg (v) i changed to iQ & ij’kq ¾ iQjlq (axe) (vi) Hk changed to g & izHkq ¾ igq (almighty) (vii) ; changed to o & vk;q/ ¾ vkoq/ (viii) j changed to y & ek#r ¾ ekyqr (air) (ix) y changed to u & yykV ¾ uykV (forehead) (x) ’k] "k changed to N] l & ’kkod ¾ Nkid & vkdk’k ¾ vkdkl (xi) / changed to g & #f/j ¾ :fgj (blood) (xii) g changed to / or Hk & bg ¾ b/ (here) & fe=knzksgh ¾ feÙknwHkh II. Conjunct-consonantal changes :– 1. A long vowel is made short when followed by a conjunct, consonant or an anuswara. (i) ekxZ ¾ eXx_ ektkZj ¾ eTtkj (cat) bZ’oj ¾ bLlj (god); ijkØe ¾ ijkØïe (ii) a) ’kkyke~ ¾ lkya_ unhe~ (µ) ¾ ufln (iii) b) when the anuswara on short vowels is dropped the latter are lengthened fllg ¾ lhg_ na"V“k ¾ nkBk_ lana’k ¾ laMkl (c) when long vowel has an anuswara becomes short :– lukru ¾ luaru (old) (d) when a long vowel is accompanied with anuswara, it becomes short :– ekal ¾ eal (meat) 2. (i) The first member of a conjunct consonant (la;qÙkQ tksMk{kj) in a sanskrit word is dropped in its Pali form and the remaining member is doubled e.g. :– HkqÙkQ ¾ HkqÙk_ ’kCn ¾ lí- (ii) If the first member of a conjunct consonant, so doubled, is the second letter of a class (oXx), it is changed to the first letter of the same class; and if it is the fourth, it is changed to the third :– vFkZ → vFFk → vR; as Hkw is the second letter of the roXxnqX/ → nqŁ/ → nq… & milk yqC/ → yqŁ/ → yq… & greedy (iii) The remaining first member of a conjunct consonant is

638 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES not doubled at the beginning of a word e.g. :– L[kfyr → [kfyr (mistake) Nor is it doubled after a niggahita or anuswara e.g. :– la=kkl → larkl (fear) This doubling is optional in a compound e.g. :– i××kk; lfgrks → li××kks or lIi××kks (wise) (iv) ; is doubled after ,_ e.g. xs;e~ → xsÕ;a (song); is;e~ → isÕ;a (drink) (v) When e~] u~] ;~] or n~ stands as the last member of a conjunct consonant, it is dropped and the remaining member is doubled Rule (i) is superseded by this and by the subsequent rule (vii) e.g. ;qXe → ;qXx (pair); Le‘fr → lfr (rule iii) (recollection); uXu → uXx_ lkSE; → lksEe] Łoal → /al] (destruction). Exception :– When e~] u~] ;~] o~ are combined with g] this change does not take place. e.g. lgÔ → lÕg (bearable). (vi) e is not dropped in the conjunct consonants Ye and Ue e.g. mUekn → mEekn_ dYek"k → dEekl (spotted); tkYe → teks (a rogue); fuEu → fuUu (deep). Le is either ratained or changed to Eg e.g. HkLe → HkLe_ rfLeu~ → rfEg (in it) m"ek → mLek (heat). (vii) j~ whether the initial or final member of a comjunct consonant is dropped and the remaining member is doubled. e.g. ekxZ → eXx_ o.kZ → o..k_ pØ → pØï_ nfjnz → nfGí_ exceptions vkn’kZ → vknkl (mirror); nh?kZ → nh?k_ ’kh"kZ → lhl (the head) (viii) ;Z is changed to fj; and the preceding vowel if long is made short. e.g. vkpk;Z → vkpfj;_ → oh;Z → fofj; (effort) Hkk;kZ → Hkfj;k_ lw;Z → lwfj;_ vk;Z → vfj; → vÕ;- (ix) gZ is hanged to jg_ e.g. vgZr → vjgfr- (deserves), xgZfr → xjgfr (censures). vUr£gr → vUrjfgr (concealed). (x) b is inserted between the two members of a conjunct consonant whose final member is y- e.g. Dys’k → fdyslks (torture); Xyku → fxyku (ill); Eyku → feyku (faded). (xi) Similarly b is inserted between the two members of the conjunct consonants in the words T;k_ ªh_ L;kr~_ pSR;_ oTj_ gÔl_ Jh etc.:– T;k → ft;k (Bow - string)); g → ghjks (shame); L;kr~ → fl;k (may be); pSR; → psfr; (tample); oTj → oftj (Diamond); gÔl~ → fgÕ;ks (yesterday); Jh → fljh (prosperity). (xii) o~ in combination with another consonant is changed to c e.g. loZ → lOc_ dkO;a → dOca- (xiii) R;~] ;w] Ł;~ and Lr are respectively changed to p~] t~] >~ and Fk~ at the beginning and to Pp~] Tt~] T;~] RFk~ & in the middle of the words. e.g. R;kx → pkx_ u‘R; → pPp_ → e; → eTt_ |qfr → tqfr_ Ł;ku → >ku_ izFkeŁ;kue~ → iBeT>kua_ Lrkeu~ → /ke (strength). Exception : m|ku → mÕ;ku (garden).

639PALI : DICTIONARY (xiv) LFk~ and "B~ are changed to B~ and V~ according to their position in a word. e.g. :– LFkku → Bku; → x‘gLFk → xgŒò_ dk"B → dŒò ("B~ is changed to Vw] whenever it is either in the middle or end of a word). (xv) F;~] Üo] Rl~ and Il are changed to PN e.g. :– rF; → rPN (truth); vkÜp;Z → vPNfj;_ ifÜpe → ifPNe (behind); oRl → nPNks (calf); vIljk → vPNjk. (xvi) "d~] Ld~ and {k~ are changed to [k or D[k~ according to their position in a word e.g. :– ’kq"d → lqD[k_ nq"dj → VqD[kj_ LdU/ → [kU/ks_ ueLdkj → ueØïkj_ fHk{kq → fHkD[kq_ {khj → [khj_ {k; → [k;_ (when at the beginning {k is changed to [k, and N, when at the end or middle it is changed to D[k) {kek → Nek % b{kq → mPNq (Sugar-cane) (xvii) Li~ and "i~ are changed to iQ~] Ii~ and IiQ~] Ii respectively. e.g. LiUnue~ iQUnua_ ouLifr → ouIifr_ iq"i → iqIiQ_ prq"in~ → prqIin~- (xviii) U;~] .;~ and K~ are changed to ×k~ or ××k e.g. U;k; → ×kk;_ dU;k → d××kk (when in the middle or at the end); vj.; → vj××k_ Jke.; → lke××k_ Kku → ×kk.k_ iKk → i××kk_ ÑrK → dr××kq Conjunct consonants mentioned in Rules xiii to xviii, preceded by anuswara undergo those changes which they would do at beginning of words, e.g. dka{kk → da[kk- (xix) ".k is changed to .g~ e.g. m".k → m.g_ Ñ".k → d.g_ m".kh; → m.ghl ikf".kZ → if.g- (xx) vc changed to vks e.g.; O;ogkj → oksgkj_ to.k → yks.kh Salt. (xxi) O; changed to o e.g.; O;k;ke → ok;ke_ O;oLFkk → ooŒòk (xxii) Üu changed to ×g e.g.: izÜu → i×g III. Ending Consonants (i) a consonant is dropped at the end of a word. e.g. :– Hkxoku~ → Hkxok- (ii) But the ending e~ and ending r~ or n~ of a pronoun are substituted by an anuswara e.g. :– cq…e~ → cq…a (to Buddha); ,rr~ → (n) → ,ra (this, that). (iii) The ending visarga (:) or l~ or j~ preceded by v is changed to vks] together with the preceding v_ and is dropped when preceded by other vowels. e.g. loZr% → lCcrks_ cq…k% → cq…k_ #fp% → #fp_ fHk{kq → fHkD[kq- (iv) Ending V~ of a pronoun (lCcuke) or in an milxZ (prefix or suffix) and at the end j~] often reappear when followed by vowels. e.g. :– ,ra $ vgksfl = ,rngksfl (this happened); rko $ ,RFk = rkonsRFk (also); ikrks $ ,o = ikrjso] ikrks¿o- (v) ;~] o~] e~] r~] and n~ → are often inserted as revivals from sanskrit forms or by analogy to such insertions. lfd $ ,o = lfdnso_ iqu $ ,o = iqujso] iqunso] ;ko $ vRFka = ;korRFka

640 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Section 3 ’kCnfopkj (Etymology) Parts of speech :– In pali there are eight parts of speech as in English though the Pali Grammarians do not classify them in the same way. Their general classification is :– I. Nouns (uke) :– This group includes substantives, pronouns and adjectives. Pronouns are simple pronouns when they stand alone in a sentence, and admit of all genders as they stand for every person or thing which are in different genders. Pronouns become adjectives when they qualify other nouns. Pronouns have no vocative forms. Adjectives in Pali are treated like nouns because they take all the inflections of the nouns and are declinable. Almost all pronouns become adjectives when they are used before a substantive of the same gender, number and case. As the adjectives qualify nouns, which are of different genders and numbers, they must agree with their substantives in gender, number and case. Nouns are divided into five classes, viz. :– (i) ukeuke ¾ Substantives and proper nouns (includes common, proper and abstract nouns). (ii) lCcuke ¾ Pronouns. (iii) lekluke ¾ Compound nouns formed by combination of two or more words. e.g. jktiqÙk. (iv) if…ruke ¾ Derivatives from nouns or Secondary Derivatives are formed from a substantive or a primary derivative (verbal derivative) by adding another suffix to it. e.g. ukok (ship) $ bdk (in the meaning of engaged) ¾ ukfod (sailor). (v) fdrduke ¾ Verbal derivatives otherwise called Primary Derivative, are formed from the verbal root itself by adding suffixes. e.g. nk (To giver) $ (vd ¾ nk;d (giver); uh (to lead) $ rq ¾ usrq (leader). About 75% of Pali nouns are derived from Sanskrit. A. As in English, in Pali there are three genders and two numbers. (i) Gender (flyx) (i) Masculine ¾ iqfŠ˜ı (ii) Feminine ¾ bfRFkfŠ˜ı (iii) Neuter ¾ uiqaldfŠ˜ı

641PALI : DICTIONARY (ii) Number (opu) (i) Singular ¾ ,dopu (ii) Plural ¾ cgqopu B. Nouns in Pali are declined in eight cases according to their gender and termination. Eight cases (foHkfÙkQ) namely :– (i) iBek (izFkek) ¾ Nominative, denotes the subject or drkZ- (ii) nqfr;k (f}rh;k) ¾ Accusative, denotes the object or deZ- (iii) rfr;k (r‘rh;k) ¾ Ablative of agent and of instrument, denotes the person or thing with or by whom something is performed. dkj.k] lk/u- (iv) prqRFkh (prqFkhZ) ¾ Dative, the person to whom or for whom something is given laiznku (to, at, towards). (v) i××keh (iapeh) ¾ Ablative of separation viknku. (vi) NŒòh ("k"Bh) ¾ Genitive or possessive in English. laca/. (vii) lÙkeh (lIreh) ¾ Locative shows the place, in, on, upon, at, etc. vfŁkdj.k. (viii)vkyiu (lacks/u) ¾ Vocative is used to address person. The inflections or case endings vary according to gender and number e.g., masculine words or stems ending in A (v) declined as follows :– Masculine Nouns ending in A (v). We may take Buddha and decline it thus :– Case Singular Plural (Terminations) (Terminations) Nominative (iBek) cq…ks (vks) cq…k (vk) Accusative (nqfr;k) cq…a (e~) cq…s (,) Instrumental (rfr;k) cq…su (,u) cq…sfg] cq…sfHk (,fg] ,fHk) Dative (prqRFkh) cq…k;] cq…Ll (vk;] Ll) cq…ua (ua) Ablative (i×peh) cq…Egk] cq…Lek] cq…sfg] cq…sfHk cq…k] (Egk] Lek] vk) (,fg] ,fHk) Genitive (NŒòh) cq…Ll (Ll) cq…kua (vkua) Locative (lÙkeh) cq…s] cq…flLe cq…slq (,lq) cq…fEg] (,] flLe] fEg) Vocative (vkyiu) cq…] cq…k (vk) cq…k (vk)