Vol. 16 · pages 656–660

632 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES BLANK

633PALI : DICTIONARY The Pali Grammar Section I o.kZfopkj & Orthography Section II Hkk"kkfu;e & Rules of change Section III ’kCnfopkj & Etymology A1 - Nouns - I General grammar II Words in groups III Sentences A2 - Pronouns - Classification same as above A3 - Adjectives - Classification same as above B - Verbs - I General grammar II Verbs in groups III Participles IV Participles in groups V General conversation C - Particles I Prefix II Indeclinables III Particles in groups IV Sentences Section IV Cardinals Section V Syntax Section VI General conversation Section VII General information

634 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Section 1 ALPHABETS or o.kZ 41 o.kZfopkj (Orthography) 1. (i) ljk (Loj in Sanskrit) or Vowels in Pali are eight in number viz :— v a, vk a, b i, bZ i, m u, mQ u, , e, vkS o. Out of these v] b] m are short or jLl (:gLo)] and vk] bZ] mQ are long or nh?k (nh?kZ)_ , and vks are diphthongs. (ii) Consonants or C;atuk are Thirty-three :- (a) d ka; [k kha; x ga; ?k gha; ˜ na (doXxks) p ch; N cha; t ja; > jha; ×k na (ooXxks) V ta; B tha; M da; < dha; .k na (VoXxks) r ta; Fk tha; n da; / dha; u na (roXxks) i pa; iQ pha; c ba; Hk bha; e ma (ioXxks) ; ya; j ra; y la; o va; l sa; g ha; G la; (b) The above consonants are classified into two categories – hard and soft. (i) The last three consonants in each group and ;] j] y] o] g and G together are the twentyone soft consonants. (ii) The first two consonants in each group and l together are the eleven hard consonants. (iii) ˜] ×k] .k] u] e µ are nasal (iv) la;qDr O;atu %µ Conjunct Consonants. Øï kka; D[k kkha; D; kya; fØ kri; d] Do kva: [; khya; [o khva; Xx gga; X?k ggha; xz gra; ˜ï] ˜~d nka; …] ˜~[k nkha; ˜ı] ˜~x nga; †] ˜~?k ngha; Pp cca; PN ccha; T×t] jja; T> jjha; ××k nna; ×g nha; ×p] ÛÓ nca; ×N ncha; ×t] ×t nja; ×> njha; Vð tta; Vò ttha; Mó dda; Mò ddha; ..k nna; .V nta; .B ntha; .M ndha; Ùk tta; RFkk ttha; Ro tva; =k tra; í dda; … ddha; nz dra; } dva; Ło dhva; Ur nta; UFk ntha; Un nda; U/ ndha; Uu nna; Ug nha; Ii ppa; IiQ ppha; Cc bba; CHk bbha; C; bya; cz bra; Ei mpa; EiQ mpha; Ec mba; EHk mbha; Ee mma; Eg mha; Õ; yya; Õg yha; Yy] Š lla; Y; lya; Yg lha; Og vha; Ll ssa; Le sma; Lo sva; ª hma; à hva; Gg lha. (iii) vuqLokj or fuXxfgrk i.e - ez pronounced as vga and written as Ahan. (iv) folxZ (%)

635PALI : DICTIONARY (v) There are no vowels ˝] ˝] ˘] ˘] ,s and vkS nor are there the consonants ’k and "k in Pali. l substitutes ’k and "k in Pali. (v) All Pali words end with vowels, e.g.:— nf.Mu~ = n.Mh in Pali. An inherent v is present in all consonants. 2. Pronounciation; p] t] and > are respectively pronounced as in pgk] f>Eek and >dkl3. Mode of writing certain words. xaxk ¾ x˜ık iafMr ¾ if.Mr flyi ¾ fyEi iap ¾ iÛÓ va/ ¾ vU/ 4. Mode of writing numbers. ßœß ¾ ,dkf/da lra_ ,dÙkqj lra üüł ¾ vVòfolfr f}lra ßüœ ¾ ohlfr vf/d lra

636 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Section 2 Hkk"kkfu;e (Rules of Change) (A) Vowel Changes :– 1. ‰ is changed to, v] b] m] e.g. :– (i) ?k‘r ¾ ?kr (Ghee); Ñr ¾ dr (done); x‘g ¾ xg (house) e‘r ¾ er (dead). (ii) ‰f"k ¾ bfl_ ‰f… ¾ bf…_ /‘fr ¾ f?kfr (courage)_ e‘x ¾ fex (deer) (iii) ‰rq ¾ mrq_ ‰tq ¾ mtq (straight); ‰"kHk ¾ mlHk (an ox); o‘"kHk ¾ cqlHk (ox) 2. v is changed to b] m] ,] vk- (i) panzek ¾ pfUnek (ii) vlw;k ¾ mlw;k (hatred) (iii) ,d’kÕ;k ¾ ,dlÕ;k (iv) vydk ¾ vkydk 3. vk is changed to v] mlaektZuh lEeqTtuh (broom) 4. b is changed to m] ,] v- (i) b"kq ¾ mlq (arrow): b{kq ¾ mNq (Sugarcane) (ii) fu"kkn ¾ uslkn_ foeŁ; ¾ oseT> (iii) i‘fFkoh ¾ iBoh 5. m is changed to v] b] vks- (i) xq# ¾ x# (ii) iq:"k ¾ iqfjl (iii) izkeq[; ¾ ikeksD[k_ ’kq.Mk ¾ lks.Mk (Trunk) : 6. , is changed to vks- }s"k ¾ nksl 7. ,s is changed to ,] boS’kk[k ¾ oslk[k ,sÜo;Z ¾ bLlfj; (riches) 8. vks is changed to mgks=k ¾ gqÙk (offerings to god) 9. vkS is changed to vks] m] vk] v- (i) vkS"k/ ¾ vksl/ (ii) ekSfÙkQd ¾ eqfÙkd_ vkSRlqD; ¾ mRlqd (iii) xkSjo ¾ xkjo (respect) (iv) lkSE; ¾ lEe (friend) 10. The visarga (:) preceded by v is changed to m after v and is dropped after other vowels e.g. :– cq…k% ¾ cq…k_ efr% ¾ efr_ ÜoJw ¾ lLlw (B) Consonantal Changes :– I. (i) d changed to [k dhy ¾ [kky (nail)_ ’kqud ¾ lqu[k (ii) x changed to d & rMkx ¾ rGkd (bottom)