Vol. 16 · pages 696–700

672 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES B. VERBS I. Verb– vk[;kr is an integral and important part of speech; verbs are divided into groups called /krqx.k. In Pali there are seven Conjugations, though some Grammarians mention ten as in Sanskrit. Each group has one or more conjugational signs (fodj.k)] which come between the root (/krq) and the verbal termination (izR;;)] Thus the base or vax of a verb is formed by the combination of the root (/krq) with its conjugational sign, to which is added the verbal termination, as for instance:– ip~ $ fr ¾ ip~ $ v $ fr ¾ ipfr ¾ cooks. The Pali Grammarians represented roots with an ending vowel as xe] ol etc. and not as xe~ or ol~] as in Sanskrit. But the end v of a root is dropped when the conjugational sign is added. Before the first conjugational sign v)] the penultimate short and the ending vowel take their xq.k] v has no xq.k or strengthening. The xq.k of b] bZ] is ,_ and of m] mQ] is vksThus :– uh (to carry) is a root $ v conjugational sign $ us $ v- Hkw (to be) $ v ¾ Hkks $ v → Hkofr] ∴ vks followed by v becomes vc and thus Hkw → HkofrRoot-groups (/krqx.k) with their signs according to Pali-course. 1st Conjugation – a, v] Hkqokfnx.k 2nd Conjugation – m : a, vuqLokj % v % #/kfnx.k 3rd Conjugation – ya : ;] fnokfnx.k 4th Conjugation – no : nu : una : Lokfnx.k 5th Conjugation – na, .kk % fd;kfnx.k 6th Conjugation – o, yira : vks] f;j % rukfnx.k 7th Conjugation – e, aya : ,] v; % pqjkfnx.k Number of roots are included in the first and the seventh group. Pali verbs are conjugated, in three Tenses, two Voices, two Numbers and three Persons :–

673PALI : DICTIONARY 1. Tenses or dky (i) Present tense – oÙkekudky (ii) Past tense – vrhrdky (iii) Future tense – vukxrdky 2. Voices or iz;ksx (i) Active – dÙkqdkjd (drZfj) : a transitive verb that represents its subject as acting, is in Active Voice. Here the Subject or dÙkk takes Nominative and the Object dEe is in Accusative (nqfr;k)] and the verb takes the same gender and/number as the Subject – e.g., vga cq…a uekfe_ lk cq…a uefr_ rqEgs cq…a ueFk- (ii) Passive Voice – deZf.k iz;ksxA Transitive verb, that represents its subject as being passively acted upon, is in Passive Voice. The sign of the Passive Voice is ; (ya) irrespective of the conjugation, and is added directly to the root. The final v of a root is dropped and the remaining ending consonant and the ; of the Passive undergo the necessary changes (according to rules of change). In the Passive Voice, in a sentence, the subject (drkZ) takes the Instrumental (rfr;k) Case and the Object (deZ) takes the Nominative Case, and the verb takes the same person and number as that of the Object : The Attanopade (vkReusin) terminations are frequently used in the Passive Voice; but it is optional. Examples of Verbs in Passive Voice :– djh;fr = is done or made vkdMôh;fr = is dragged or drawn dlh;fr = is ploughed nh;fr = is given nslh;fr = is preached ekjh;fr = is killed vkgjh;fr = is brought oUnh;fr = is worshipped gjh;fr = is carried fd.kh;fr = is bought

674 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES cU/h;fr = is tied fofØï.kh;fr = is sold Hkklh;fr = is told /ksoh;fr = is washed HkqXt;fr = is taken (iii) Impersonal Construction, Hkkos iz;ksx In this construction the Subject takes Instrumental Case and the verb always is in third person single. Examples :– drZfj µ ujksxPNfr Hkkos µ ujsu xEers 3. Persons :– (i) Third Person – iBe iqfjl (ii) Second Person – efT>e iqjhl (iii) First Person – mÙke iqjhl 4. Numbers opu :–(i) Singular (ii) Plural 5. Padas :– (i) ijEeSin – more commonly used (ii) vkReusin –rarely met with in literature except in poetry and in the Passive Voice. The Padas have their own verbal terminations. 6. Moods – The manner in which a verb is used to express an action is called Mood. (i) Imperative Mood – vkKkFkZ –This mood is used to express command, prayer, advise, wish, blessing or proposal. (ii) Potential Mood – foŁ;FkZ – This Mood expresses probability, command, wish, prayer, hope, advise and capability. It is used in conditional or hypothetical sentences in which one statement depends on another as its reason or condition. (iii) Conditional – ladsrkFkZ (dkykfrifÙk) – The Conditional Mood is used in those hypothetical sentences in which the non-

675PALI : DICTIONARY performance of action is implied :– e.g., lps nsoks ofLlLl /××ka p fr.ka p mIifTtLl – when it rains then there will be corn and grass. Each mood has its own verbal termination depending on the number and person. Verbs in Groups, ukuk[;krink Present Past Participle Absolutive 1st Singular (declinable) (The Gerund) Abuses, vØïkslfr vDdqVò vØïksflRok Ails, :tfr µ :ftRok Anoints, v×tfr vf×tr vf×tRok Appears, i××kk;fr i××kkr i××kkf;Rok Ascends, vk:gfr vk:Ÿg vk#Õg Assembles, lfUuirfr lfUuifrr lfUuifrRok Associates, lsofr] Hktfr lsfor] Hkftr lsfoRok] HkftRok Attempts, mLlgfr µ mLlfgRok Awakes, icqT>fr icq… icqfT>Rok Awakens, icks/sfr icksf/r icks/sRok Balances, rqysfr rqfyr rqysRo Bathes, ugk;fr ugkr ugkf;Rok Bears, ogfr ofgr] oqŸg ofgRok Beats, igjfr igV igfjRok Becomes, Hkofr] gksfr Hkwr HkfoRok] gqRok Becomes established, ifrVòfr ifrfVòr ifrVòk; Becomes full, vkiwjfr vkiq..k vkiwfj; Becomes purified, folqT>fr folq… folqfT>Rok Begs, ;kpfr ;kfpr ;kfpR;k Begins, vkjHkfr vkj… vkjC/] vkjfHkRok Behoves, oVðfr µ µ

676 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Believes, lígfr] lífgr] lnfgRok] flcLllfr foLlRFk foLlflRok Binds, cU/fr c… cfU/; Bites, nlfr nVò nkfLlRok Blows (wind), ok;fr okf;r okf;Rok (with mouth), /efr /Ur /feRok Breaks, fHkUnfr fHkUu fHkfUn; Hk×tfr HkXx Hkf×t; Brings, vkgjfr vkgV vkgfjRok Brings-up, ikslsfr iksflr iksfl; Buries, fu[k.kfr fu[kkr fu[kf.kRok Burns (v.i.) nkÕgfr nMô MfÕgRok (v.t.) ngfr nMô nfgRok Buys, fd.kkfr Øhr fdf.kRok Carries, gjfr gV gfjRok Ceases, fuDÙkfr] fuofÙkr fuofÙk; fu:T>fr fu:… fu:fT>Rok Collects, vksfp.kkfr vksfpr vksfpfuRok mifpukfr mifpr mifpfuRok Combines, la;kstsfr la;qÙk la;kstsRok Comes, vkxPNfr vkxr vkxURok] vkxEe Comes-in, ifolfr ifoVò ifoflRok Comes-into-existence, mIiTtfr mIiUu mIifTtRok Comes-out, fuD[kefr fuD[kUr fuD[kEe Composes, jp;fr jfpr jpf;Rok Conceals, xksisfr xqÙk xksisRo ifVPNknsfr ifVPNUu ifVPNkfn; Concentrates, lekngfr lekfgr leknfgRok Covers, Nknsfr NUu] Nfnr NfnRok] Nkfn; Creates, ekisfr ekfir ekisRok] fufEe.kkfr fufEer fufEef.kRok