Vol. 16 · pages 706–710

682 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Spends, foLltsfr foLlVò foLlTtsRok Spreads, (v.i.) iRFkjfr iRFkV iRFkfjRok (v.t.) foRFkkjsfr foRFkr foRFkkjsRok Springs up, mfCHkTtfr mfCHkUu mfCHkTt Stands, frVòfr fBr BRok Steals, pksjsfr] Fksusfr pksfjr] Fksfur pksfjRok] FksusRok Strews, fofdjfr fofd..k fofdfjRok Strings, vkoq.kfr vkoqr vkoqf.kRok Stumbles, iD[kyfr iD[kfyr iD[kfyRok Swallows, fxyfr fxfyr fxfyRok Sweeps, lEeTtfr lEeVò lEefTtRok Swoons, eqPNfr eqfPNr eqfPNRok Takes, vknkfr vkfnUu vknk;] vkfnf;Rok x.gkfr xfgr xgsRok] xf.g; Takes down, vksrkjsfr vksrkfjr vksrkjsRok vksjksisfr vksjksfir vksjksfi; Tastes, lk;fr lkf;r lkf;Rok Teaches, mXx.gkisfr mXx.gkfir mXx.gkisRok flD[kkisfr fl[kkfir fl[kkisRok Thinks, fpUrsfr fpfUrr fpUrsRok Threatens, rTtsfr rfTtr rTtsRok Throws, f[kifr f[kÙk f[kfiRok Touches, iqQlfr iqQVò iqQflRok Trains, flD[kkisfr flD[kkfir flD[kkfi; nesfr nfer nfe; Translates, ifjoÙksfr ifjofÙkr ifjoÙksr Trembles, dEifr dfEer dfEiRok Turns, oVðsfr ofVðV oVðsRok Understands, cqTtfr cqT> cqfT>Rok Unfolds, ilkjsfr ilkfjr ilkfj; Vomits, oefr ofer ofeRok Waits for, vkxesfr µ vkxesRok Walks, pjfr µ pfjRok Wanders, vkfg.Mfr µ vkfgf.MRok

683PALI : DICTIONARY Washes, ?kksofr ?kksr ?kksfoRok Wears on, fuoklsfr fuoRFk fuoklsRok Weaves, foukfr ohr fofuRok Wins, ftukfr ftr ftfuRok Wishes, bPNfr bfPNr bfPN; Wraps, osBsfr osfBr osBsRok Writes, fy[kfr fyf[kr fyf[kRok Yokes, ;kstsfr ;qÙk ;kstsRok] ;ksft; III. The Participles /krqlkf/rsa The participles are either verbal adjectives, agreeing with the qualified nouns in gender, number and case or indeclinables. As usual with verbs they are classified according to tenses, as present, past and future: The Future Participle is less commonly met with. The Past Particple is the declinable past passive participle and is formed by r or br to the root. The Pali Past Participles, listed above, are all from the Sanskrit forms directly, with modification. The past participles are used as adjective and are declined like cq… (m); iQy (n); d××kk (f): The Indeclinable Past Participle also called the Absolutive (Pali-Course) or the Gerund (English Grammar) are formed by adding Rok to the root. They are dealt with under Nipata or vO;;The Infinitive of purpose is the same thing as rqeUr vO;; and is indeclinable. (1) Present Participles : Addition of vUr or eku to a root forms Present Participle (masculine) and are declined HkxoUr_ cq…xe µ xPN $ vUr ¾ xPNUr_ xPN~ $ eku ¾ xPNeku nn µ on~ $ vUr ¾ onUr_ on $ eku ¾ oneku da[k µ da[k~ $ vUr ¾ da[kUr_ da[k $ eku ¾ da[keku yHk µ yHk~ $ vUr ¾ yHkUr_ yHk $ eku ¾ yHkeku #n µ jksn~ $ vUr ¾ jksnUr_ jksn $ eku ¾ jksneku lqi µ lqi~ $ vUr ¾ lqiUr_ lqi $ eku ¾ lqieku nk µ nn~ $ vUr ¾ nnUr] nsUr_ nn $ eku ¾ nneku gk µ tg~ $ vUr ¾ tgUr_ tg $ eku ¾ tgeku dq/ µ dqT>~ $ vUr ¾ dqT>Ur_ dqT> $ eku ¾ dqT>eku ;q/ µ ;qT>~ $ vUr ¾ ;qT>Ur_ ;qT> $ eku ¾ ;qT>eku

684 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES lq µ (Jq) lq.k~ $ vUr ¾ lq.kUr_ lq.k $ eku ¾ lq.keku ld (’kd~) lØïksUr ¾ iqPN µ iqPN~ $ vUr ¾ iqPNUr_ iqPN $ eku ¾ iqPNeu ej µ ej~ $ vUr ¾ ejUr_ ej $ eku ¾ ejeku Hkaqt µ Hkaqt~ $ vUr ¾ Hkq×tUr_ Hkq×teku dj µ (Ñ) dj~ $ vUr ¾ djksUr xg µ x.g $ vUr ¾ x.gUr_ x.g $ eku ¾ x.geku fo $ dh µ fofØïj.k~ $ vUr ¾ fofØï.kUr_ fofØï.k $ eku ¾ fofØï.keku pqj µ pksj;~ $ vUr ¾ pksj;Ur_ pksj; $ eku ¾ pksj $ vUr ¾ pksjsUr dFk µ dFk;~ $ vUr ¾ dFk;Ur_ dFks $ vUr ¾ dFksUr_ dFk; $ eku ¾ dFk;eku Addition of vrh] vUrh ekuk] to the verbal root forms Feminine Present Participle :– xe µ xPN~ $ vrh ¾ xPNrh_ xPNUrh_ xPNekuk on µ on~ $ vrh ¾ onrh_ onUrh_ onekuk Thye are declined d[k µ da[k~ $ vrh ¾ da[krh_ da[kUrh_ da[kekuk like, xPNrh] xPNUrh yHk µ yHk~ $ vrh ¾ yHkrh_ yHkUrh_ yHkekuk The neuter Present Participle is formed by adding vUr and eku to the root and is declined like iQy. (2) The Future Participle, not very common, is formed by inserting bLl between the verbal base (/krq˜ı) and the termination vUr or eku of the Present Participle, e.g. :– ip $ bLl $ vUr ¾ ifpLlUr ¾ who will be cooking ifpLleku ¾ – Masculine forms. ip $ bLl $ vrh ¾ ifpLlrh_ ifpLlUrh – Feminine forms ir $ bLl $ vUr ¾ ifpLlUra ¾ ifpLlUra iQya] a fruit about to fall – Neuter forms. (3) The declinable Past Participles are often referred as declinable Past Passive Participles. They are formed by adding r or br to the verbal

685PALI : DICTIONARY root. For convenience and easy understanding a list of Past Participles with their genders are given below :– Root Masculine Feminine Neuter Gender Gender Gender xe xrks xrk xra ue urks urk ura iqPN iqfPNrks] iqVòks iqfPNrk] iqVòk iqfPNra] iqVòa fnl fnVòks fnVòk fnVòa uh uhrks uhrk uhra Bk] frVò fBrks fBrk fBra gu grs grk gra ik ihrks ihrk ihra yHk y…ks y…k y…a xg xfgrks xfgrk xfgra dj drks drk dra vk $ jHk vkj}ks vkj}k vkj}a nk nÙkks] fnUuks nÙkk] fnUuk nÙka] fnUua vk $ :g vk:Ÿgks vk:Ÿgk vk:Ÿga vks $ yksd vksyksfdrks vksyksfdrk vksyksfdra [kkn [kkfnrks [kkfnrk [kkfnra f[ki f[kÙkks f[kÙkk f[kÙka pj pfjrks] fp..kks pfjrk] fp..kk pfjra] fp..ka fNn fNUuks fNUuk fNUua ×kk ×kkrks ×kkrk ×kkra /kso /ksforks /ksfork /ksfora Ugk ugkrks] Ugkrks ugkrk] Ugkrk ugkra] Ugkra cq… cq…ks cq…k cq…a Hkkl Hkkflrks Hkkflrk Hkkflra ej erks erk era eqp eqÙkks eqÙkk eqÙka ;kp ;kfprks ;kfprk ;kfpra jD[k jfD[krks jfD[krk jfD[kra ol oflrks] oqflrks oqflrk] oqflrk oflra] oqflra

686 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES (4) The Potential Passive Participles are used to denote some action which is fit or proper to be done e.g., the students should get up at dawn ek.kodsfg iPpwldkys mf VòrCc- Here the subject must be in the instrumental while the participle must agree with the object in gender, number, and case. If there is no object then the participle must be in Neuter, Nominative, Singular e.g. :– jD[k µ jfD[krCc] jD[kuh;] jfD[k; oan µ ofUnrCc] oUnuh;] lafn; (oU;) fNn µ NsrCc] Nsnuh;] fNfUnrCc lq µ lksrCc] lqf.krCc] lo.kh; dFk µ dFkf;rCc] dFksrCc] dFkuh; iwt µ iwtf;rCc] iwtsrCc] iwtuh;] iqTt IV. Some adverbial phrases, interjections and addressing forms. Ah ! Alas ! gk] vgks Anyhow, ;su dsufp vkdkjsu By how much, fdÙkkork By this much, ,Ùkkork For a long time, fpjk; Hail ! t;rq! In many places, cgqRFk In one place, ,dRFk In one way, ,d/k In two ways, f}/k In three ways, fr/k In four ways, prq/k In five ways, i×p/k In six ways, N/k In seven ways, lÙk/k In eight ways, vVò/k In nine ways, uo/k In ten ways, nl/k Twice, f}D[kraq Four times, prqD[kÙkqa Six times, ND[kÙkqa Twenty times, ohlfrd[kÙkqa Thousand times, lgLlD[kÙkqa How many times, dfrD[kÙkqa \ Well done, lk/q ! l/q ! What else, v××ka fld \ In hundred ways, lr/k In many ways, cgq/k In how many ways, dfr/k In every way, lCc/k In both ways, mHk;Fkk In another way, v××kFkk In the other way, brjFkk In another place, v××knk In both places, mHk;RFk In another day, v××knk In the presence of, lEeq[kk In the absence of, ijEeq[kk