Vol. 16 · pages 716–720

692 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES 28. He taught us geography of India; lks¿Egkda Hkkjr HkwfefoRFkkja mXx.gkisflA 29. As my slate is broken I shall buy another to-morrow; ee flykiRFkjLl fcUurk lqos¿ga v××k fd.khLlkfeA 30. Did he give you that book ? lks ra iksRFkda rqÕga vnfl uq\A 31. No, it was given by him to his sister; u rsu lks vÙkuks Hkfxfu;k fnUuksA 32. I cannot give you the book, for it is not mine; ee vuk;ÙkÙkk ra iksRFkda rqÕga nkrqa u lØïksfeA 33. Having been expelled from the school the boy returned home; ikBlkyk; fuØïf Môrks lks flLlks vÙkuks xkea iPpkxekflA 34. If you wish to be successful in the future, learn while you are young; vukxrs vfHkoqfl… iÙkqa bPNUrk] ngjdkys flIiqXxg.ka djks/A Conversation between two farmers 1. Good morning; lqIiHkkraA 2. It is good of you to have come here; lqUnja r;k dra b/ vkxPNUrsuA 3. I hoped that you would come as I was anxious to meet you; vga r;k lekxUrqa bPNUrks rc vkxeua iPpkflllUrq ofllA 4. Why have you been away so long ? dLek Roa fpjk; b/ ukxrks fl\ 5. I could not go anywhere for about a month as I was ill; xsy××ksu vkfHkHkwrks¿ga ,d ekleÙka dRFkfp fi xUrqa uk[kflD[kA 6. Was your harvest fruitful ? ro lLla fuIiQUua ok uks ok\A 7. My crop was destroyed by an excess of water, only a small quantity is left unharmed; vf/d tysu ee lLla foufLl_ Fkksda ,o vfofl Vòa vgksflA 8. What about your own crop ? dk Hkorh lLls iofÙk 9. At first, some cattle broke the fence and ate the young plants, and then the remainder died of drought; iBea xkoks oflÙk fHkfUnRok r#.kklLla [kkflnlq] vFkkofl Vòa vuksndsu feykf;A 10. If it is so how will you feed your family ? ;Ttsoa] dFka Roa vÙkuka dqVqEca ikslsrqa lØïksfl\ 11. I will earn my living by selling pot-herbs brinjals, pumpkins, etc; vga lkdi..kkf.k p Hk.MkdhdqEhk.Mknhfu p fofØïf.kRok thfoda dIisLlkfe

693PALI : DICTIONARY 12. Are there many orange trees in your garden; lfUr oc mÕ;kus cgq tEchj#D[kk\ 13. There are twenty trees in my garden; ohlfr #D[kk ee mÕ;kus jksfirk gksfUrA 14. How many fruits do you gather from those trees in one crop ? ,dflLe okjs rsfg fdÙkdkfu iQykfu vksfpukfl\A 15. I get about two thousand fruits in one crop : ,dflLe iQyokjs f}lgLleÙkkfu iQykfu yHkkfeA 16. When do you wish to plough your field; dnk ro [kaÙka dflrqa bPNfl\A 17. I will plough it when I get oxen and plough : ;nk xks.ks p uk˜ıykfu p yfHkLlkfe rnk¿ga dflLlkfeA 18. How many mowers do you need in reaping ? yk;us fdÙkdk yk;dk bfPNrCck\A 19. Ten reapers with ten scythes will be able to reap my harvest ; nl yk;dk nlfg nkÙksfg ee Llla ykf;rqa lfD[kLlfUrA 20. Having heaped them on the threshing floor, how many oxen do you need for threshing ? [kys jklhdRok drhfg xks.ksfg eíkfiLlfl\ 21. Having got them threshed by eight oxen and having removed straw and chaff, I will bring home the grain after getting it dried : vVðkfg xks.ksfg eíkisRok iykya mŁnfjÙkk Hkqla iIiQksVsRok lqD[kkisRok p /k××ka xsga vkusLlkfeA Conversation between two merchants 1. Welcome ! Please sit down here; Lokxra Hkorks ! fuflnkg beflLe vklusA 2. How are you getting on ? dFka ro ljhjIiofÙk\A 3. Thank you; I am quite well; Fkqfr vRFkq_ vga vPpUrfujksxh fogjkfeA 4. Are your wife and children well and happy ? ro iqÙk&nkjk fi fujksxk lqf[kuksA 5. Yes, they too are in good health and contented; ,oa] rs fi vIikok/k pso lUrqVòk pA 6. How much did you get this month by selling your goods ? beflLe ekls Hk.MfoØï;su fdÙkdks ykHkks y…ks Hkork\A

694 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES 7. There was no gain but only loss, as I had to sell my goods at less than the cost price; dhrewyrks fi mQukewysu fofØïf.krÙkk eÕga gkfu ;so vgksfl u of Mô1A 8. What goods did you buy from Persia ? ikjfldk & nslrks dkfu Hk.Mkfu r;k dhrkfu\A 9. I went there with a carvan andbrought many carpts with the aid of Camels; vga lR;okgsu lfŁn rRFk xURok cgwfu vuX/dkstokfu vks Vòslq vksjksisRok vkusfllA 10. At what price do you want to sell your carpets ? ,da dkstoa fdÙkdsu ewysu fofØïf.krqa bPNfl\A 11. I will sell them at double the cost; dhreqyrks fnxq.ksu ewysu fofØïf.kLlkfeA 12. I have heard that a merchant-uessel arrived in the harbour yesterday; ,d okf.ktukok gh;ks i Vòua vkxrk fr lqra e;kA 13. Yes, I went to the harbour and gave some money in advance to buy goods from there; ,oa] vga ukokfrRFka xURok rrks Hk.Ma xgsraq lPpdkja vnkfllA 14. To-morrow I will have them brought to my shop in ten carts; lqcs vga nlfg ldVfg rkfu Hk.Mkfu ee vki.ka vkgjkisLlkfeA 15. I am inclined to buy the whole lot; vga lCca Hk.Mjkfll fdf.krqa bPNkfeA 16. A hundred mangoes could be had in a rupee; lra vEciQykfu ,dsu :fi;su dsrqa lØïA 17. How much did you pay for this blanket ,rLl dEcyLl vRFkkl fdÙkda r;k fnUua\A 18 I gave ten rupees and fifty cents; vga nl:fi;kfu i..kkl & lrHkkxs p vnkfllA

695PALI : DICTIONARY C. PARTICLES :– C. Particles :— Avyaya ( vO;;) in Pali, is a group of words consisting of (i) Conjunctions (ii) Prepositions (iii) Indeclinable past participles ending in Rok] Roku] ; (iv) Infinitives. They are usually divided into two broad classes viz., (I) Prefix or milXxk (ii) Indeclinable particles or fuikr. I. Prefix or milXxk are put before verbs and substantives to modify their meaning. They are put before verbal root whereby sometimes the quality and meaning of the word is completely changed e.g. :– xPNfr = goes; mi $ xPNfr = goes near; vk $ xPNfr = comes lj (Le‘) - recall; fo $ lj ¾ foLljfr = to forget rj = Swim; vks $ rj ¾ vksrjfr = descend or get down More than one or two prefix could be put before a verbal root, e.g., fo $ vk $ djksfr ¾ O;kdjksfr = explains vf/ $ vk $ olfr ¾ vT>kolfr = lives la $ mr~ $ vk $ pjfr ¾ leqnkpjfr = addresses or practices. A list of the more common milXxk %µ Prefix Meaning, vFkZ Verb, fØ;k vfr Beyond, over vfrØïefr] vfrÙkfr vf/ Over, upon above vf/xPNfr (goes over or acquires or grasps) vuq After vuqljfr (follows) vuqLljfr (remembers) vi Away, insult viHkklfr (criticizes) vie××kfr (insults) viu;fr (to remove away) vipk;fr (worships) vfHk Towards, oppose vfHkeq[ka] vfHk;kfr (attacks) vks (vo~) Down, contempt vksrjfr (descends) vk Upto, until vkxPNfr (comes) vkgjfr] vku;fr (brings)

696 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES mn Up, out mfrVòfr (gets up) mÙkjfr (ascends) mi Near, nearby miladefr (comes near) mijktk (viceroy) fu (ful~) Down, away, fulhnfr (sits down) less fuirfr (falls down) fuXxPNfr (goes away) fuEefD[kd (fly-less) uh (fuj~) Out uhjgfr (takes out) i (iz) Begin, shine forth i;kfr (starts), iTtyfr (izTo) shines forth ioknks (a theory or hypothesis) ifV] ifr back, in-return iPpkxPNfr (comes back), ifViqPNfr (asks in return), ifVD[kiks (izfr{ksi) refusal. ijk return ijkirfr (returns) ijkt;fr (defeats) ijkØïefr (strives) ifj Surrounding ifj/kofr (runs about) (ify] ifyosBsfr (wraps round) ifG) fo Oppose, differ fookn (quarrel) apart foolfUr (lives separately) foHktfr (divides) fogjfr (lives) la (le~) Together laolfUr (live together) laoknks (conversation) II. Indeclinable particles or fuikr or vO;; %µ This group includes conjunctions, prepositions, indeclinable past participles, indeclinable participles, infinitives. Words which have no gender, no number and no case, are all fuikr or vO;;.