Vol. 16 · pages 721–725

697PALI : DICTIONARY (a) List of particles or fuikr or vO;; :– 1. How, dFkaµ What, fldlq] dfPp] fld Really, uuq Isn’t that so, really, uq 2. Without, besides, fouk] vUrjsu] fjrs 3. Doubt, sorry, vgks What, where of, fdeq Or, mnkgq] fdeqr 4. Nipatas indicating time, Now, v/quk] bnkfu] brjfg When, ;nk Then, rnk To-day, vTt To-morrow, lqos (Üo%) Dayafter to-morrow, ijlqos (ijÜo%) Yesterday, fgÕ;ks (gÔ%) Evening, lk;a Morning, ikrks Day-time, fnok Day-break, ixs 5. Vocative Nipatas Superiors, HkUrs O, you, vjs] js] Hkh For servants, ts For Sraman, vkcqlks 6. As, when, ;Fkk That, that way, rFkk Thus, ,oa As it were, lsÕ;Fkk As, ;Fkfjo Thus, rFkfjo 7. Because, ;rks That’s why, rrks Owing to, Because of fuLlk; With reference to, about, la/k; 8. No, u] uks] ek Otherwise, uksp Enough, vya All prepositions except BisRok] f/jRFkq] ueks] fouk] are placed after the nouns. Prepositions govern their objects in different cases as indicated below : (a) The Accusative – ;ko until; vkjCHk] mfíLl] fuLlk;] lU/k;] ifVPp with reference to, about; f/] f/jRFkq fie upon! (b) The Instrumental – vya enough of; fld what is the use of ? (Interrogatively); oVðfr it is proper for; lØïk, it is possible for; lfl…] lg with. (c) ueks governs the dative.

698 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES (d) iVòk; (from) governs the ablative; ;ko is used with the ablative optionally : fouk (without); governs the accusative, the instrumental or the ablative. (e) The genitive, v/ks under; vUrjs] vUrks in, among; m…a] miflj on, upon above; vksja on this side; ikja beyond; gsVðk below, under; oVðfr. œœœ B) Terminations Rok] Roku] rwu] ; when put after a verbal root, we get RokUr vO;; or Indeclinable Past Participle or the Gerund. Before the addition of Rok, the root undergoes the same changes as before rCc_ e.g. ifpRok having cooked, fofT>Rok after piercing, f[kfiRok] dFkRok] dFkf;Rok] gkjkis & if;Rok etc; ; optionally takes the place of Rok; generally in cases where an milXx is prefixed to the root, as miVòfgRok or miVòk; having approached; vuqHkfoRok or vuqHkw;_ misRok or misPp having approached; iz $ fo’k~ ¾ izfo’;Some roots with their Gerund; Indeclinable Past Participles (Absolutive) dhG $ b $ Rok ¾ dhfGRok_ dhG $ b $ Roku ¾ dhfGRoku_ dhIG $ b $ rwu ¾ dhfGrwu = Having played. f[ki ¾ f[kfiRok] f[kfiRoku] f[kfirwu ¾ Having thrown. fio ¾ fifoRok] fifoRoku] fiforwu ¾ After drinking or having drunk. ol ¾ oflRok] oflRoku] oflrwu = Having lived or living. /kso ¾ /ksfoRok] /ksfoRoku] /ksforwu ¾ After washing. fpUr ¾ fpUrf;Rok] fpUrf;Roku] fpUrf;rwu ¾ After having thought or after thinking, fNn~ ¾ fNfUnRok] fNfUnRoku] fNfUnrwu ¾ After cutting. Hkqt ¾ Hkqf×tRok] Hkqf×tRoku] Hkwf×trwu ¾ After eating. Bk ¾ BRok] BRoku ¾ Having stood or standing. xg ¾ xgsRok] xgsRoku] xgsrwu ¾ Bringing with. ihG ¾ ihGf;Rok] ihGf;Roku] ihGf;rwu ¾ torturing or having tortured. C) Terminations rqa] ros] rk;s when added to a root we get rqeUr vO;;_ they are usually used to express purpose of a verb or fØ;k. These forms are also called the Infinitive of Purpose :– dhG ¾ dhfGrqa] dhfGros] dhfGrk; ¾ for playing

699PALI : DICTIONARY iB ¾ ifBrqa ifBros] ifBrk;s ¾ for studying pj ¾ pfjrqa] pfjros] pfjrk;s ¾ for wandering about :n ¾ jksfnrqa] jksfnros] jksfnrk; ¾ for crying iLl ¾ ifLlrqa] ifjLros] ifjlrk;s ¾ for seeing ft ¾ tsrqa] tsros] tsrk; ¾ for conquering uh ¾ usrqa] usros] usrk;s ¾ for carrying roots with i $ gj ¾ igfjrqa] igfjros] igfjrk;s ¾ for beating milXx fu $ de ¾ fuD[kferqa] fuD[kferos] fuD[kferk;s ¾ for going III. Indeclinables And adverbs, fuikrk Above, mifj] m…aAcross, frjks] frfj;aAfter (that), iPNk] vRFkAfter a long time, fpjsuAgain, iquAgain and again, iquIiquaAll-round, leUrrksAlmost, eua] dsoydIiaAlso, vfi] pkfiAlthough, rFkkfiAlways, lrra] lnkAnd, p] vfiAs, ;Fkk] rFkkAs far as, ;ko] rkoAs follows, lsÕ;Fkhna Aside, ,deUraAt first, rko] iBeaBecause,, ;rks] ;Lek] rLekBefore (in front), iqjrksBefore (formerly), iqjk] iqCcs Before long, vfpjaBefore-hand, ixso] ifVxPpsoBehind, iPNrksBelow, v/ks] gs VòkBetween, vUrjkBut, rFkkfiCertainly, v…k] os] gos] dkea] tkrqConstantly, vfHk.ga Eastwards, iqjRFkEither or, ok] vFkok] mnkgq Else, vfi pElsewhere, v××kRFkEnough, vyaEver, lnk] lCcnkEvery where, lCcRFkExactly, ;FkkrFkaExcept, foukFar less, fde˜ı Frequently, vfHkD[k.kaFrom afar, nwjrksFrom here, brksFrom there, rrks From where, dqrksGrattis, eq/kHastily, lglkHence, brks] ,ÙkksHence forth, brks iHkqfrHere, b/k] v=k] ,RFk] bg-

700 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES How, dFka \ However, ;Fkk dFkf×p How much, fdÙkda] dho If, lps] ;fn In, vUrks Indeed, [kyq Instantly, lTtq Is not, uuq \ Just, ,o Just as, ;Fk] fjo Like, foo] bo Likewise, rFkso More and more, Hkh;ks Mostly, ;sHkqÕ;su Namely, lsÕ;Fkhna Never, u dnkfp No, u] uks No where, u] Øïfp Do not, ek Often, vfHk.ga Once, lfld Oneself, l;a] lkea Or, mnkgq] vFkok Outside, cfg Otherwise, v××kFkk Perhaps, vIiso Properly, lEenso Rather, fd×p Rightly, lEek Secretly, jgks Seldom, dnkfp] djgfp Shortly, vfpja Silently, rqf.g Slowly, lfuda So, rFkk So far, rkork So long, rkork So long as, ;ko fdoa Soon, f[kIia] lh?ka] vklq] rqora Strictly, nŸga Surely, voLla] ,dUrsu Then, rnk Thence, rrks There, rRFk] r=k] rflg Therefore, rLek] ru Through, vUrjsu Tightly, xkŸga Together, ,dT>a Together-with, lg ;so Until, ;ko] rko Upon, mifj Very much, vfrfo;] vrho Well-nigh, eua What, fld What if, ;u~ uwu When, dnk \ Whence, dqrks Whenever, ;nk Where, dqflg] dq=k \ Wherever, ;RFk dRFkfp Wherefore, ;Lek Whether, dfPp Why, dLek \ With, lg] lfl… Without, fouk] BkisRok Wrongly, fePNk Yes, vke] ,oa

701PALI : DICTIONARY Sentences showing use of various Particles :– Hail to the Buddha ! Fie upon the Evil Spirit ! ueks cq…k;] f?kjRFkq ekj A A quarrel arises among the crows about the bones; vŒòhfu fuLlk; dkdkua dygks mIiTtfr A Enough of honey and curds to me; I have requirement of fire wood; vya es e/quk nf/uk p_ nk:uk es vRFkks A There lives a hare under a cluster of palms; rRFksdks ¿ llks rkyxPNLl gsŒòk olfr A The monkeys go daily beyond the Ganges ; okujk iPpga xaxk; ikja xPNfUr A The bearers of load return with fuel; Hkkjgkjdk nk:fg lfl… iPpkxPNfUr A What is the use of water to me ? fld eÕga okfjuk A The Brahmin throws ghee over the fire; czkª.kks vfPpLl mifj lflIi ifD[kifr A It is not proper for a man a tell an untruth ; vlPpa ujLl u o Œðfr A It is not possible for a hare to give sesamums to a Brahmin ; llsu czkª.kk; frykfu nkrqa u lØïk A The Buddha tells this story about a monk : bna oRFkqa cq…ks ,d fHkD[kqekjCHk dFksfr A Hares do not eat anything without grass ; fr.ka fouk llk u [kknfUr A What is the use of bow without arrows ? ljsfg fouk fld /uquk \ We bring fuel and grass from the forest below : vEgs nk:a p fr.kap vj××kk vkgjke A Birds fall down on the ground with speed; ldq.kk osxsu Hkfe;a fuirfUr A Good man live together in mutual satisfaction; lIiqfj;k rqfŒò;k v××ke××k (mutual) laolfUrA