Vol. 16 · pages 731–735

707PALI : DICTIONARY The numerals, allmost all of them take all the genders, with the following difference :– (i) ,d] fr] prq take all genders but are declined differently in each gender (ii) f}] i×p] N] lÙk] v Vò] uo] nl are declined alike in all genders but only in the plural. (iii) ,dwuohlfr to uouoqfr are declined in the singular number and feminine gender only, whatever be the gender of the substantive qualified. The cardinals are treated as ordinary adjectives. (iv) lr and lgLl may either be used in the neutre gender, or plural in the singular number agreeing only in case with the qualified substantives or as ordinary adjectives agreeing in all respects. For multiples of lr and lgLl, Prefix the word indicating the multiplicator and treat the compound as an adjective e.g. vVòlrk ek.kodkA (v) Multiplicative adverbs are formed by adding D[krqa to the numerals in the sense of so many times e.g. f}D[krqa = twice : The word for ‘once’ is ldnk or lfld. (vi) Suffix ?kk may be used after numerals in the sense of ways, times, fold etc. ,d/k - once, f}/k - of two kinds : fr/k - in three ways. (vii) lks is a distributive adverbial suffix e.g. ,dlks = one by one; lrlks = by hundreds ; cgqlks in numbers. (viii) eÙk is added to numerals in the sense of ‘only’ turning them into adjectives e.g. prqeÙkk [kfÙk;k - only four warriors. (ix) any number plus one-half is expressed by prefixing vMô to the consecutive higher number. (x) To give the distributive sense a numeral is repeated e.g. ,dsd = each one.

708 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Section 5 Syntax (1) Position of words in a sentence : A sentence may contain any number of words, but a verb must necessarily be there i.e. a sentence must have two portions viz. (i) the subject dÙkk (ii) the predicate fØ;k iqfjlks l;fr is a complete sentence, iqfjlks being the subject and l;fr the predicate. l;fr being an intransitive verb does not take object, but transitive verbs must necessarily have an object (deZ); therefore a sentence formed with transitive verb consists of three portions, e.g. : iqfjlks (dÙkk)] :D[ka (deZ)] fNUnfr (fØ;k) (2) In the above sentence, the subject comes first, object second and the predicate last (In an English sentence the object must come after the predicate). But there are no definite rules about the order of the words in a Pali sentence. (3) Addressing words are very often placed first, in a sentence e.g. (i) HkUrs] beflLe lklus dfr /qjkf u\ (ii) So also with vklqlks (iii) So also with Hkksfr (4) Interrogation is expressed by using interrogative adverbs. (a) Pronouns or particles at the beginning of a sentence :– When there is an interrogative word in a sentence, the addressing word, if there be any, takes the second or last place. (i) fld dFksfl] Hkkfrdk \ (ii) vi vkoqlks] vEgkda lÙkkja tkukfl \ (iii) fld iu] HkUrs] bnkfu fi fnUus yfHkLlUrh \ (iv) dqflg ;kfl] mikld \ (v) dga xrksa fl] vkoqlks \ (vi) dks rRFk olfr \ (vii) dLek] lks lIiks ,ra u Mfl (b) Interrogation is also expressed by placing the verb first, in a sentence, followed very often by the particle uq- %µ iLlFk uq rqEgs] fHkD[kos] veqa egUra vfXxD[kU/a \

709PALI : DICTIONARY (5) Words of assent are also placed at the beginning of a sentence. Addressing words in such sentences are placed next to the assenting words, e.g. :– vke] lEe] bnkukga fogkja xURok Fksja fnLok vkxrksfEg (6) Extension of predicate, be it a single word, a phrase, or a clause is placed before the verb. (7) The conditional particles lps] ;fn and the interjections are placed at the beginning of a sentence. (8) Copulative p and disjunctive ok and the conditional ps are never placed at the beginning of a sentence. (9) The following indeclinables are used correlatively :- (i) ;Fkk_ rFkk (as : so) (ii) ;ko_ rko (as longas : until) (iii) ;nk_ rnk (when : then) (iv) ;RFk_ rRFk (where : there) (10) Words qualifying the subject or object, generally come before the subject or object respectively. Adverbs come before the verbs, but the adverbs of time always come first in a sentence. (11) An adjective must agree with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case. (12) A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number and person. (13) Concord. (i) The Predicate must agree with the subject in number and person. (ii) When there are several subjects of different persons and one verb in a sentence, the verb is put in the first person plural; and should there be no subject of the first person, the verb is put in the first person plural. (iii) One subject may have more than one finite verb. (iv) When there are more than one subject connected with, p in a sentence, the verb must be in plural. (v) When an action of many is the same, but if some of them are introduced by one of the particles lg] lf…u~ or lea or with the instrumental case, the verb follows the subject which is in the nominative. (vi) When the subject is a collective noun the verb takes the singular form.

710 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES Section 6 General conversation - about animals, birds and insects. 1. Dogs watch over their masters’ houses at night. lqu[kk jfÙk;a vÙkuks lkfedkua xsgkfu jD[kUr A 2. People catch elephants and bring them from forests, tame them and get their work done by them. euqLlk vj××krks gRFkh cfU/ok] vkusRok] neRok vÙkkua fdPpkfu dkjkisfUr A 3. Horses, harnessed to the carriages, run with them through the streets. jFkslq ;ksftrk vLlk rs vkd îôUrk fofFk;klq /kofUr A 4. The donkey is able to bear a heavy burden. xíHkks cgqa Hkkja ofgrqa lØïksfr A 5. Camels, loaded with many goods, are able to go through the desert where there is no water. mŒòk cgwfu Hk.Mkfu vknk; fu:nddUrkjs xUrqa leRFkk gksfUr A 6. Having climbed the tree, the monkey destoyed the nests of the bird. okujks :D[ka vks:fgRok iD[khua dqykods fouklsfl7. The cat chased the squirrel to the foot of the tree. foGkyks dyUnda xf.grqa #[kewya /kfo A 8. Hunters hunt deer and bring their flesh to be sold in the town. C;kŁkk fexs fofT>Rok eala fofØïf.krqa uxja vkgjfUr A 9. While eating grass the hare saw a man and ran away frightened. fr.ka [kknUrks llks ,da euqLla fnLok Hkhrks iykf; A 10. The cow likes to allow her calf to suck, and does not wish to be milked by others. xkoh lda oPpa ik;srqa bPNfr] u iu ¿ v××ksfg [khjLl nqgua A 11. People take the honey by force which is made with much difficulty by the bees, with the pollen gathered from flowers. ef/djsfg iqIiQjs.koks vkgfjRok fdPNsu dra e/qa euqLlk cyØïkjsu x.gfUr A

711PALI : DICTIONARY 12. The parrot pierced the mango with its beak and sucked its juice. lqoks eq[krq.Msu vEciQya fofT>Rok rLlk jla fifo A 13. White ants bring a small quantity of earth at a time and gradually build a big ant-hill. mifpdk Fkksd&Fkksda efÙkda vkusRok vuqØïesu egUra ofEeda djksfUr A 14. Mosquitoes worry people by bitting them and sucking their blood. edlk euqLls MflRok yksfgra fioUrk rs ihGsfUr A 15. In order to catch insects the spider spreads the web made by itself. m..kukfHk [kqítUroks xgsrqa vÙkuk dra tkya iRFkjfr A 16. Ants prepare their homes by digging the earth. fiihfydk Hkwfle [kf.kRok rkla olu Œòkua ifr;knsfUr A 17. Attracted by the glare grasshoppers fly into the fire and die there. lyHkk vflXx fnLok rLl o..ksu eksfgrk rRFk ifrRok ejfUr A 18. The pigeons sat on the roof of the house and cooed. ikjkork xsgLl Nnus fulhfnRok jflolq A 19. Many crows flew up and perched on the branches. cgq dkdk vkdkla iD[kfUnRok #D[klk[kklq fuyhfl;lq (fulhflnlq) A 20. Hawks kill small birds and eat them. lsuk [kqíd&ifD[kuks ekjsRok [kknfUr 21. There are ten swans and twenty cranes in that lake. rflLe rGkds nl galk folfr cdk p lfUr A 22. Buffaloes like to wallow in dirty water. efglk l i˜ïs tys fueqfTtrqa bPNfUr A 23. Snakes devour rats, but they (the snakes) are killed by the mungooses. lIik mUnjs fxyfUr rFkk fi rs udqysfg ekjh;fUr A 24. The venom of the scorpion is in its tail, but serpents have their venom at the root of their fangs. fofPNdkua fola u… Œòs gksfr] lIikuae iu fola nkBkewys A