Vol. 4 · pages 226–230

RIDDLE NO. 18 MANU’S MADNESS OR THE BRAHMANIC EXPLANATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE MIXED CASTES A reader of the Manu Smriti will find that Manu for the purposes of his discussion groups the various castes under certain specific heads namely (1) Aryan Castes, (2) Non-Aryan Castes, (3) Vratya Castes, (4) Fallen Castes and (5) Sankara Castes. By Aryan Castes he means the four varnas namely Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. In other words, Manu regards the system of Chaturvarna to be the essence of Aryanism. By Non-Aryan Castes he means those communities who do not accept the creed of Chaturvarna and he, cites the community called Dasyu as an illustration of those whom he regards as a Non-Aryan community 1. By Vratyas he means those castes who were once believers in the Chaturvarna but who had rebelled against it. The list of Vratyas given by Manu includes the following castes: Vratya Brahmanas Vratya Kshatriyas Vratya Vaishyas 1. Bhrigga Kantaka 1. Jhalla 1. Sudhanvana 2. Avantya 2. Malla 2. Acharya 3. Vatadhana 3. Lacchavi 3. Karusha 4. Phushpada 4. Nata 4. Vijanman 5. Saikha 5. Karana 5. Maitra 6. Khasa 6. Satvata 7. Dravida. This is about 20-page MS on ‘the origin of the mixed castes’. Through the original typed MS several handwritten pages are inserted by the author and the text has been modified with several amendments pasted on the pages.—Ed. 1 Manu X. 45. This verse is of great significance for two reasons. In the first place, it shows Shudra as different from Dasyu. In the second place, it shows that a Shudra is an Arya.

216 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES In the list of Fallen Castes Manu includes those Kshatriyas who have become Shudras by reason of the disuse of Aryan rites and ceremonies and loss of services of the Brahmin priests. They are enumerated by Manu as under: 1. Paundrakas 7. Paradas 2. Cholas 8. Pahlvas 3. Dravidas 9. Chinas 4. Kambhojas 10. Kiratas 5. Yavanas 11. Daradas 6. Sakas By Sankara Castes Manu means Castes the members of which are born of parents who do not belong to the same caste. These mixed castes he divides into various categories (1) Progeny of different Aryan Castes which he subdivides into two classes (a) Anuloma and (b) Pratiloma, (2) Progeny of Anuloma and Pratiloma Castes and (3) Progeny of Non-Aryan and the Aryan Anuloma and Pratiloma Castes. Those included by Manu under the head of mixed castes are shown below under different categories: 1. PROGENY OF MIXED ARYAN CASTES Father Mother Progeny known as Anuloma or Pratiloma Brahman Kshatriya ? Brahman Vaishya Ambashta Anuloma Brahman Shudra Nishad (Parasava) Anuloma Kshatriya Brahman Suta Pratiloma Kshatriya Vaishya ? Kshatriya Shudra Ugra Anuloma Vaishya Brahman Vaidehaka Pratiloma Vaishya Kshatriya Magadha Pratiloma Vaishya Shudra Karana Anuloma Shudra Brahman Chandala Pratiloma Shudra Kshatriya Ksattri Pratiloma Shudra Vaishya Ayogava Pratiloma 2. PROGENY OF ARYAN CASTES WITH ANULOMA-PRATILOMA CASTES Father Mother Progeny known as 1. Brahman Ugra Avrita 2. Brahman Ambashta Abhira 3. Brahman Abhira Dhigvana 4. Shudra Nishada Kukutaka

217 RIDDLE NO. 18 3. PROGENY OF MIXED MARRIAGES BETWEEN ANULOMA AND PRATILOMA CASTES Father Mother Progeny known as 1. Vaideha Ayogava Maitreyaka 2. Nishada Ayogava Margava (Das) Kaivarta 3. Nishada Vaideha Karavara 4. Vaidehaka Ambashta Vena 5. Vaidehaka Karavara Andhra 6. Vaidehaka Nishada Meda 7. Chandala Vaideha Pandusopaka 8. Nishada Vaideha Ahindaka 9. Chandala Pukkassa Sopaka 10. Chandala Nishada Antyavasin 11. Kshattari Ugra Swapaka To Manu’s list of Sankar (mixed) Castes additions have been made by his successors. Among these are the authors of Aushanas Smriti, Baudhayana Smriti, Vashistha Smriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti and the Suta Sanhita. Of these additions four have been made by the Aushanas Smriti. They are noted below: Name of the mixed caste Father’s caste Mother’s caste 1. Pulaksa Shudra Kshatriya 2. Yekaj Pulaksa Vaishya 3. Charmakarka Ayogava Brahmin 4. Venuka Suta Brahmin The following four are added by the Baudhayana Smriti: Name of the mixed caste Father’s caste Mother’s caste 1. Kshatriya Kshatriya Vaishya 2. Brahmana Brahmana Kshatriya 3. Vaina Vaidehaka Ambashta 4. Shvapaka Ugra Kshatriya

218 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES The Vashishta Smriti adds one to the list of Manu, namely: Name of the mixed caste Father’s caste Mother’s caste Vaina Shudra Kshatriya The Yajnavalkya Smriti adds two new castes to Manu’s list of mixed castes. Name of the mixed caste Father’s caste Mother’s caste 1. Murdhavasika Brahmin Kshatriya 2. Mahisya Kshatriya Vaishya The Additions made by the author of the Suta Sanhita are on a vast scale. They number sixty-three castes. Name of the mixed caste Father’s caste Mother’s caste 1. Ambashteya Kshatriya Vaishya 2. Urdhvanapita Brahman Vaishya 3. Katkar Vaishya Shudra 4. Kumbhkar Brahman Vaishya 5. Kunda Brahman Married Brahmin 6. Golaka Brahman Brahmin Widow 7. Chakri Shudra Vaishya 8. Daushantya Kshatriya Shudra 9. Daushantee Kshatriya Shudra 10. Pattanshali Shudra Vaishya 11. Pulinda Vaishya Kshatriya 12. Bahyadas Shudra Brahmin 13. Bhoja Vaishya Kshatriya 14. Mahikar Vaishya Vaishya 15. Manavika Shudra Shudra 16. Mleccha Vaishya Kshatriya 17. Shalika Vaishya Kshatriya 18. Shundika Brahmin Shudra 19. Shulikha Kshatriya Shudra 20. Saparna Brahman Kshatriya 21. Agneyanartaka Ambashta Ambashta 22. Apitar Brahman Daushanti 23. Ashramaka Dantakevala Shudra

219 RIDDLE NO. 18 Name of the mixed caste Father’s caste Mother’s caste 24. Udabandha Sanaka Kshatriya 25. Karana Nata Kshatriya 26. Karma Karana Kshatriya 27. Karmakar Renuka Kshatriya 28. Karmar Mahishya Karana 29. Kukkunda Magadha Shudra 30. Guhaka Swapach Brahman 31. Charmopajivan Vaidehika Brahman 32. Chamakar Ayogava Brahmani 33. Charmajivi Nishad Karushi 34. Taksha Mahishya Karana 35. Takshavriti Ugra Brahman 36. Dantakavelaka Chandala Vaishya 37. Dasyu Nishad Ayogava 38. Drumila Nishad Kshatriya 39. Nata Picchalla Kshatriya 40. Napita Nishada Brahmin 41. Niladivarnavikreta Ayogava Chirkari 42. Piccahalla Malla Kshatriya 43. Pingala Brahmin Ayogava 44. Bhaglabdha Daushanta Brahmani 45. Bharusha Sudhanva Vaishya 46. Bhairava Nishada Shudra 47. Matanga Vijanma Vaishya 48. Madhuka Vaidehika Ayogava 49. Matakar Dasyu Vaishya 50. Maitra Vijanma Vaishya 51. Rajaka Vaideha Brahman 52. Rathakar Mahishya Karana 53. Renuka Napita Brahman 54. Lohakar Mahishya Brahmani 55. Vardhaki Mahishya Brahmani 56. Varya Sudhanva Vaishya 57. Vijanma Bharusha Vaishya 58. Shilp Mahishya Karana 59. Shvapach Chandala Brahmani 60. Sanaka Magadha Kshatriya 61. Samudra Takashavrati Vaishya 62. Satvata Vijanma Vaishya 63. Sunishada Nishad Vaishya